{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,29]],"date-time":"2026-09-29T21:23:28Z","timestamp":1790717008634,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":69,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,27]],"date-time":"2021-09-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1632700800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/publicdomain\/zero\/1.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000076","name":"Directorate for Biological Sciences","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["1656518"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1656518"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000076","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000865","name":"Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["OPP1114050"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["OPP1114050"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000865","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R01TW010286"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01TW010286"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000001","name":"national science foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["1414102"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1414102"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000001","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000001","name":"National Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["ICER-2024383"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ICER-2024383"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000001","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000001","name":"National Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["DEB\u20132011179"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["DEB\u20132011179"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000001","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100010869","name":"Stanford Woods Institute for the Environment","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100010869","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100006100","name":"Freeman Spogli Institute for International Studies, Stanford University","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100006100","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Michigan Society of Fellows at the University of Michigan"},{"name":"Sloan Research Fellowship from the Alfred P. Sloan Foundation"},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000001","name":"National Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["OCE-1829509"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["OCE-1829509"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000001","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"university of washington innovation award"},{"name":"James and Nancy Kelso Fellowship from the Stanford Interdisciplinary Graduate Fellowship Program"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosntds.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS Negl Trop Dis"],"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Schistosome parasites infect more than 200 million people annually, mostly in sub-Saharan Africa, where people may be co-infected with more than one species of the parasite. Infection risk for any single species is determined, in part, by the distribution of its obligate intermediate host snail. As the World Health Organization reprioritizes snail control to reduce the global burden of schistosomiasis, there is renewed importance in knowing when and where to target those efforts, which could vary by schistosome species. This study estimates factors associated with schistosomiasis risk in 16 villages located in the Senegal River Basin, a region hyperendemic for\n                    <jats:italic>Schistosoma haematobium<\/jats:italic>\n                    and\n                    <jats:italic>S<\/jats:italic>\n                    .\n                    <jats:italic>mansoni<\/jats:italic>\n                    . We first analyzed the spatial distributions of the two schistosomes\u2019 intermediate host snails (\n                    <jats:italic>Bulinus<\/jats:italic>\n                    spp. and\n                    <jats:italic>Biomphalaria pfeifferi<\/jats:italic>\n                    , respectively) at village water access sites. Then, we separately evaluated the relationships between human\n                    <jats:italic>S<\/jats:italic>\n                    .\n                    <jats:italic>haematobium<\/jats:italic>\n                    and\n                    <jats:italic>S<\/jats:italic>\n                    .\n                    <jats:italic>mansoni<\/jats:italic>\n                    infections and (i) the area of remotely-sensed snail habitat across spatial extents ranging from 1 to 120 m from shorelines, and (ii) water access site size and shape characteristics. We compared the influence of snail habitat across spatial extents because, while snail sampling is traditionally done near shorelines, we hypothesized that snails further from shore also contribute to infection risk. We found that, controlling for demographic variables, human risk for\n                    <jats:italic>S<\/jats:italic>\n                    .\n                    <jats:italic>haematobium<\/jats:italic>\n                    infection was positively correlated with snail habitat when snail habitat was measured over a much greater radius from shore (45 m to 120 m) than usual.\n                    <jats:italic>S<\/jats:italic>\n                    .\n                    <jats:italic>haematobium<\/jats:italic>\n                    risk was also associated with large, open water access sites. However,\n                    <jats:italic>S<\/jats:italic>\n                    .\n                    <jats:italic>mansoni<\/jats:italic>\n                    infection risk was associated with small, sheltered water access sites, and was not positively correlated with snail habitat at any spatial sampling radius. Our findings highlight the need to consider different ecological and environmental factors driving the transmission of each schistosome species in co-endemic landscapes.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0009712","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,27]],"date-time":"2021-09-27T14:44:16Z","timestamp":1632753856000},"page":"e0009712","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pntd.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":33,"title":["Schistosome infection in Senegal is associated with different spatial extents of risk and ecological drivers for Schistosoma haematobium and S. mansoni"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5784-885X","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Isabel J.","family":"Jones","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Susanne H.","family":"Sokolow","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5657-8333","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Andrew J.","family":"Chamberlin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0880-310X","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Andrea J.","family":"Lund","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nicolas","family":"Jouanard","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lydie","family":"Bandagny","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rapha\u00ebl","family":"Ndione","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Simon","family":"Senghor","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1928-2717","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Anne-Marie","family":"Schacht","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7946-5876","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Gilles","family":"Riveau","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8381-0601","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Skylar R.","family":"Hopkins","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jason R.","family":"Rohr","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Justin V.","family":"Remais","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kevin D.","family":"Lafferty","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Armand M.","family":"Kuris","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2738-3139","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Chelsea L.","family":"Wood","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Giulio","family":"De Leo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"pntd.0009712.ref001","volume-title":"Schistosomiasis and soil-transmitted helminthiases: number of people treated in 2018","author":"WHO","year":"2019"},{"key":"pntd.0009712.ref002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1106","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(06)69440-3","article-title":"Human schistosomiasis","volume":"368","author":"B Gryseels","year":"2006","journal-title":"The Lancet"},{"key":"pntd.0009712.ref003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.1186\/1756-3305-4-201","article-title":"Efficacy of praziquantel and artemisinin derivatives for the treatment and prevention of human schistosomiasis: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"4","author":"R Liu","year":"2011","journal-title":"Parasites Vectors"},{"key":"pntd.0009712.ref004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"275","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2013.06.007","article-title":"Efficacy of praziquantel and reinfection patterns in single and mixed infection foci for intestinal and urogenital schistosomiasis in Cameroon","volume":"128","author":"L-A Tchuem Tchuent\u00e9","year":"2013","journal-title":"Acta Tropica"},{"key":"pntd.0009712.ref005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e64","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(16)30535-7","article-title":"A call to strengthen the global strategy against schistosomiasis and soil-transmitted helminthiasis: the time is now","volume":"17","author":"NC Lo","year":"2017","journal-title":"The Lancet Infectious Diseases"},{"key":"pntd.0009712.ref006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"617","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.19-0193","article-title":"Persistent Hotspots in Schistosomiasis Consortium for Operational Research and Evaluation Studies for Gaining and Sustaining Control of Schistosomiasis after Four Years of Mass Drug Administration of Praziquantel","volume":"101","author":"N Kittur","year":"2019","journal-title":"The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene"},{"key":"pntd.0009712.ref007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.19-0089","article-title":"A Search for Snail-Related Answers to Explain Differences in Response of Schistosoma mansoni to Praziquantel Treatment among Responding and Persistent Hotspot Villages along the Kenyan Shore of Lake Victoria","volume":"101","author":"MW Mutuku","year":"2019","journal-title":"The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene"},{"key":"pntd.0009712.ref008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"328","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.19-0658","article-title":"Environmental Predictors of Schistosomiasis Persistent Hotspots following Mass Treatment with Praziquantel","volume":"102","author":"JW Walker","year":"2020","journal-title":"The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene"},{"key":"pntd.0009712.ref009","volume-title":"Accelerating work to overcome the global impact of neglected tropical diseases\u2013A roadmap for implementation","year":"2012"},{"key":"pntd.0009712.ref010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMp0808041","article-title":"Toward the Elimination of Schistosomiasis","volume":"360","author":"CH King","year":"2009","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"pntd.0009712.ref011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"423","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2012.04.013","article-title":"Time to set the agenda for schistosomiasis elimination","volume":"128","author":"D Rollinson","year":"2013","journal-title":"Acta Tropica"},{"key":"pntd.0009712.ref012","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0003657","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0003657","article-title":"Historical Perspective: Snail Control to Prevent Schistosomiasis","volume":"9","author":"CH King","year":"2015","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis."},{"key":"pntd.0009712.ref013","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pt.2017.10.002","article-title":"To Reduce the Global Burden of Human Schistosomiasis, Use \u2018Old Fashioned\u2019 Snail Control","volume":"34","author":"SH Sokolow","year":"2018","journal-title":"Trends in Parasitology"},{"key":"pntd.0009712.ref014","first-page":"10","article-title":"Global Assessment of Schistosomiasis Control Over the Past Century Shows Targeting the Snail Intermediate Host Works Best","author":"SH Sokolow","year":"2016","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis."},{"key":"pntd.0009712.ref015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0005812","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0005812","article-title":"Why reinvent the wheel? Lessons in schistosomiasis control from the past","volume":"11","author":"C. Shiff","year":"2017","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"key":"pntd.0009712.ref016","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0004290","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0004290","article-title":"Systematic Review and Meta-analysis of the Impact of Chemical-Based Mollusciciding for Control of Schistosoma mansoni and S. haematobium Transmission","volume":"9","author":"CH King","year":"2015","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis."},{"key":"pntd.0009712.ref017","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E584","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1708729114","article-title":"Impact and cost-effectiveness of snail control to achieve disease control targets for schistosomiasis","volume":"115","author":"NC Lo","year":"2018","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci USA"},{"key":"pntd.0009712.ref018","unstructured":"Schistosomiasis elimination: refocusing on snail control to sustain progress. [cited 22 Mar 2021]. Available: https:\/\/www.who.int\/news\/item\/25-03-2020-schistosomiasis-elimination-refocusing-on-snail-control-to-sustain-progress"},{"key":"pntd.0009712.ref019","volume-title":"Field use of molluscicides in schistosomiasis control programmes: an operational manuel for programme managers","author":"WHO","year":"2017"},{"key":"pntd.0009712.ref020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23182","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1903698116","article-title":"Precision mapping of snail habitat provides a powerful indicator of human schistosomiasis transmission","volume":"116","author":"CL Wood","year":"2019","journal-title":"PNAS"},{"key":"pntd.0009712.ref021","first-page":"1","article-title":"Intermediate hosts of schistosoma: African Biomphalaria and Bulinus: II","volume":"17","author":"G. Mandahl-Barth","year":"1957","journal-title":"Bull World Health Organ"},{"key":"pntd.0009712.ref022","first-page":"339","article-title":"The ecology of Bulinus truncatus and Biomphalaria alexandrina and its implications for the control of bilharziasis in the Egypt-49 project area","volume":"35","author":"BC Dazo","year":"1966","journal-title":"Bull World Health Organ"},{"key":"pntd.0009712.ref023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1017\/S0031182001008125","article-title":"Seasonality in the transmission of schistosomiasis and in populations of its snail intermediate hosts in and around a sugar irrigation scheme at Richard Toll, Senegal","volume":"123","author":"RF Sturrock","year":"2001","journal-title":"Parasitology"},{"key":"pntd.0009712.ref024","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4419-7028-2_3","volume-title":"Biomphalaria Snails and Larval Trematodes","author":"D. Rollinson","year":"2011"},{"key":"pntd.0009712.ref025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"80","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph14010080","article-title":"Implications of Changing Temperatures on the Growth, Fecundity and Survival of Intermediate Host Snails of Schistosomiasis: A Systematic Review","volume":"14","author":"C Kalinda","year":"2017","journal-title":"IJERPH"},{"key":"pntd.0009712.ref026","volume-title":"Schistosomiasis: progress report 2001\u20132011, strategic plan 2012\u20132020","year":"2013"},{"key":"pntd.0009712.ref027","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"575","DOI":"10.1179\/000349802125001636","article-title":"Water-related disease patterns before and after the construction of the Diama dam in northern Senegal","volume":"96","author":"S Sow","year":"2002","journal-title":"Ann Trop Med Parasitol"},{"key":"pntd.0009712.ref028","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1017\/S0022149X00015790","article-title":"Schistosomiasis in the Senegal River Basin: before and after the construction of the dams at Diama, Senegal and Manantali, Mali and future prospects","volume":"71","author":"VR Southgate","year":"1997","journal-title":"J Helminthol."},{"key":"pntd.0009712.ref029","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e330","DOI":"10.1016\/S2542-5196(20)30129-7","article-title":"Prevalence and distribution of schistosomiasis in human, livestock, and snail populations in northern Senegal: a One Health epidemiological study of a multi-host system","volume":"4","author":"E L\u00e9ger","year":"2020","journal-title":"The Lancet Planetary Health"},{"key":"pntd.0009712.ref030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1201\/9781482295184","volume-title":"Freshwater Snails Of Africa And Their Medical Importance","author":"DS Brown","year":"1994"},{"key":"pntd.0009712.ref031","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"548","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pt.2013.08.007","article-title":"Challenges in predicting the effects of climate change on Schistosoma mansoni and Schistosoma haematobium transmission potential","volume":"29","author":"N McCreesh","year":"2013","journal-title":"Trends in Parasitology"},{"key":"pntd.0009712.ref032","first-page":"715","article-title":"Ecological studies of Bulinus rohlfsi, the intermediate host of Schistosoma haematobium in the Volta Lake","volume":"55","author":"RK Klumpp","year":"1977","journal-title":"Bull World Health Organ"},{"key":"pntd.0009712.ref033","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"315","DOI":"10.1080\/00034983.1988.11812250","article-title":"Passive dispersal of Bulinus globosus.","volume":"82","author":"MEJ Woolhouse","year":"1988","journal-title":"Annals of Tropical Medicine & Parasitology"},{"issue":"Pt 1","key":"pntd.0009712.ref034","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1017\/S0031182000059655","article-title":"Spatial and temporal heterogeneity in the population dynamics of Bulinus globosus and Biomphalaria pfeifferi and in the epidemiology of their infection with schistosomes","volume":"98","author":"ME Woolhouse","year":"1989","journal-title":"Parasitology"},{"key":"pntd.0009712.ref035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e105917","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0101462","article-title":"The Effect of Increasing Water Temperatures on Schistosoma mansoni Transmission and Biomphalaria pfeifferi Population Dynamics: An Agent-Based Modelling Study","volume":"9","author":"N McCreesh","year":"2014","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"pntd.0009712.ref036","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-015-0732-6","article-title":"Risk profiling of schistosomiasis using remote sensing: approaches, challenges and outlook","volume":"8","author":"Y Walz","year":"2015","journal-title":"Parasites Vectors"},{"key":"pntd.0009712.ref037","first-page":"555","article-title":"Transmission dynamics of miracidia of Schistosoma haematobium in the Volta Lake","volume":"59","author":"KY Chu","year":"1981","journal-title":"Bulletin of the World Health Organization"},{"key":"pntd.0009712.ref038","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"407","DOI":"10.1017\/S0031182007000248","article-title":"The role of biotic factors in the transmission of free-living endohelminth stages","volume":"135","author":"DW Thieltges","year":"2008","journal-title":"Parasitology"},{"key":"pntd.0009712.ref039","first-page":"12","article-title":"The effectiveness of water treatment processes against schistosome cercariae: A systematic review","author":"L Braun","year":"2018","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis."},{"key":"pntd.0009712.ref040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpara.2019.12.003","article-title":"Effects of temperature and viscosity on miracidial and cercarial movement of Schistosoma mansoni: ramifications for disease transmission","volume":"50","author":"KH Nguyen","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int J Parasitol"},{"key":"pntd.0009712.ref041","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"403","DOI":"10.1016\/S1383-5769(03)00057-6","article-title":"Cercariometry for detection of transmission sites for schistosomiasis","volume":"52","author":"Y Aoki","year":"2003","journal-title":"Parasitology International"},{"key":"pntd.0009712.ref042","first-page":"15","article-title":"Visualization of schistosomiasis snail habitats using light unmanned aerial vehicles","author":"AJ Chamberlin","year":"2021","journal-title":"Geospat Health"},{"key":"pntd.0009712.ref043","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9650","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1502651112","article-title":"Reduced transmission of human schistosomiasis after restoration of a native river prawn that preys on the snail intermediate host","volume":"112","author":"SH Sokolow","year":"2015","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci USA"},{"key":"pntd.0009712.ref044","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"611","DOI":"10.1038\/s41893-019-0301-7","article-title":"Modelled effects of prawn aquaculture on poverty alleviation and schistosomiasis control","volume":"2","author":"CM Hoover","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat Sustain"},{"key":"pntd.0009712.ref045","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0008417","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0008417","article-title":"Aquatic macrophytes and macroinvertebrate predators affect densities of snail hosts and local production of schistosome cercariae that cause human schistosomiasis","volume":"14","author":"CJE Haggerty","year":"2020","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"key":"pntd.0009712.ref046","first-page":"12","article-title":"Safety and efficacy of the rSh28GST urinary schistosomiasis vaccine: A phase 3 randomized, controlled trial in Senegalese children","author":"G Riveau","year":"2018","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis."},{"key":"pntd.0009712.ref047","first-page":"397","article-title":"A simple device for quantitative stool thick-smear technique in Schistosomiasis mansoni","volume":"14","author":"N Katz","year":"1972","journal-title":"Revista do Instituto de Medicina Tropical de Sao Paulo"},{"key":"pntd.0009712.ref048","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"684","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-3156.2012.02987.x","article-title":"Analysis of Parasite and Other Skewed Counts","volume":"17","author":"N. Alexander","year":"2012","journal-title":"Trop Med Int Health"},{"key":"pntd.0009712.ref049","first-page":"e0008185","article-title":"One mean to rule them all? The arithmetic mean based egg reduction rate can be misleading when estimating anthelminthic drug efficacy in clinical trialsPLoS Negl Trop Dis.","volume":"14","author":"W Moser","year":"2020"},{"key":"pntd.0009712.ref050","year":"2021","journal-title":"Average Weather in Richard-Toll Senegal"},{"key":"pntd.0009712.ref051","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2110","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0002110","article-title":"Introgressive Hybridization of Schistosoma haematobium Group Species in Senegal: Species Barrier Break Down between Ruminant and Human Schistosomes","volume":"7","author":"BL Webster","year":"2013","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis."},{"key":"pntd.0009712.ref052","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"595","DOI":"10.1017\/S0031182099004345","article-title":"Compatibility of Schistosoma mansoni and Biomphalaria pfeifferi in Northern Senegal","volume":"118","author":"L a. T Tchuent\u00e9","year":"1999","journal-title":"Parasitology"},{"key":"pntd.0009712.ref053","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"378","DOI":"10.32614\/RJ-2017-066","article-title":"glmmTMB Balances Speed and Flexibility Among Packages for Zero-inflated Generalized Linear Mixed Modeling","volume":"9","author":"E Brooks M","year":"2017","journal-title":"The R Journal"},{"key":"pntd.0009712.ref054","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"415","DOI":"10.1007\/s00265-010-1084-z","article-title":"Erratum to: AIC model selection and multimodel inference in behavioral ecology: some background, observations, and comparisons","volume":"65","author":"KP Burnham","year":"2011","journal-title":"Behav Ecol Sociobiol"},{"key":"pntd.0009712.ref055","author":"F. Hartig","year":"2016","journal-title":"DHARMa: residual diagnostics for hierarchical (multi-level\/mixed) regression models"},{"key":"pntd.0009712.ref056","volume-title":"R: A language and environment for statistical computing","author":"R Core Team","year":"2020"},{"key":"pntd.0009712.ref057","author":"R. Lenth","year":"2020","journal-title":"emmeans: Estimated Marginal Means, aka Least-Squares Means"},{"key":"pntd.0009712.ref058","first-page":"67","article-title":"Fitting Linear Mixed-Effects Models Using lme4","author":"D Bates","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Stat Soft."},{"key":"pntd.0009712.ref059","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"261","DOI":"10.1177\/0049124104268644","article-title":"Multimodel Inference: Understanding AIC and BIC in Model Selection","volume":"33","author":"KP Burnham","year":"2004","journal-title":"Sociological Methods & Research"},{"key":"pntd.0009712.ref060","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00006964","article-title":"Field observations on the influence of low water velocities on drifting of Bulinus globosus","volume":"157","author":"HP Marti","year":"1988","journal-title":"Hydrobiologia"},{"key":"pntd.0009712.ref061","article-title":"Dispersion of St. Lucian Schistosoma mansoni cercariae in natural standing and running waters determined by cercaria counts and mouse exposure","author":"ES Upatham","year":"2016","journal-title":"Annals of Tropical Medicine & Parasitology"},{"key":"pntd.0009712.ref062","first-page":"785","article-title":"Factors conditioning the habitat of bilharziasis intermediate hosts of the family Planorbidae","volume":"18","author":"E. Abdel-Malek","year":"1958","journal-title":"Bull World Health Organ"},{"key":"pntd.0009712.ref063","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1003187524703","article-title":"Spatial microhabitat selection by Biomphalaria pfeifferi in a small perennial river in Tanzania","volume":"356","author":"J Utzinger","year":"1997","journal-title":"Hydrobiologia"},{"key":"pntd.0009712.ref064","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"156","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-015-0766-9","article-title":"The roles of water, sanitation and hygiene in reducing schistosomiasis: a review","volume":"8","author":"JE Grimes","year":"2015","journal-title":"Parasites Vectors"},{"key":"pntd.0009712.ref065","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1017\/S0022149X00005678","article-title":"Schistosoma mansoni: interference with cercarial host-finding by various aquatic organisms","volume":"53","author":"N\u00d8 Christensen","year":"1979","journal-title":"Journal of Helminthology"},{"key":"pntd.0009712.ref066","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"837","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.19-0099","article-title":"Unavoidable Risks: Local Perspectives on Water Contact Behavior and Implications for Schistosomiasis Control in an Agricultural Region of Northern Senegal","volume":"101","author":"AJ Lund","year":"2019","journal-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg"},{"key":"pntd.0009712.ref067","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"246","DOI":"10.1179\/2047773214Y.0000000149","article-title":"Water-based interventions for schistosomiasis control","volume":"108","author":"Evan Secor William","year":"2014","journal-title":"Pathogens and Global Health"},{"key":"pntd.0009712.ref068","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"198","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2334-11-198","article-title":"The contribution of water contact behavior to the high Schistosoma mansoni Infection rates observed in the Senegal River Basin","volume":"11","author":"S Sow","year":"2011","journal-title":"BMC Infect Dis"},{"key":"pntd.0009712.ref069","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1186\/s40249-021-00816-5","article-title":"Land use impacts on parasitic infection: a cross-sectional epidemiological study on the role of irrigated agriculture in schistosome infection in a dammed landscape","volume":"10","author":"AJ Lund","year":"2021","journal-title":"Infectious Diseases of Poverty"}],"container-title":["PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pntd.0009712","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,27]],"date-time":"2021-09-27T14:45:45Z","timestamp":1632753945000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pntd.0009712"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"W. Evan","family":"Secor","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"editor"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,27]]},"references-count":69,"journal-issue":{"issue":"9","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,27]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pntd.0009712","relation":{},"ISSN":["1935-2735"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1935-2735","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,27]]}}}