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Pathogenic\n                    <jats:italic>Leptospira<\/jats:italic>\n                    forms biofilms in the environment, possibly contributing for bacterial survival and maintenance. Nonetheless, biofilms have not yet been studied in natural animal reservoirs presenting leptospiral renal carriage. Here, we described biofilm formation by pathogenic\n                    <jats:italic>Leptospira<\/jats:italic>\n                    inside the renal tubules of\n                    <jats:italic>R<\/jats:italic>\n                    .\n                    <jats:italic>norvegicus<\/jats:italic>\n                    naturally infected and captured in an urban slum endemic for leptospirosis. From the 65 rats carrying\n                    <jats:italic>Leptospira<\/jats:italic>\n                    in their kidneys, 24 (37%) presented biofilms inside the renal tubules. The intensity of leptospiral colonization in the renal tubules (OR: 1.00; 95% CI 1.05\u20131.1) and the type of occlusion pattern of the colonized renal tubules (OR: 3.46; 95% CI 1.20\u20139.98) were independently associated with the presence of\n                    <jats:italic>Leptospira<\/jats:italic>\n                    biofilm. Our data showed that\n                    <jats:italic>Leptospira interrogans<\/jats:italic>\n                    produce biofilms during renal chronic colonization in rat reservoirs, suggesting a possible role for leptospiral biofilms in the pathogenesis of leptospirosis and bacterial carriage in host reservoirs.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0009736","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,8]],"date-time":"2021-09-08T13:34:36Z","timestamp":1631108076000},"page":"e0009736","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pntd.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":40,"title":["Leptospira interrogans biofilm formation in Rattus norvegicus (Norway rats) natural reservoirs"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Ana Am\u00e9lia Nunes","family":"Santos","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7048-6999","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Priscyla dos Santos","family":"Ribeiro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ge\u00f3rgia Virg\u00ednia","family":"da Fran\u00e7a","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3542-8918","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"F\u00e1bio Neves","family":"Souza","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8282-8757","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Eduardo Ant\u00f4nio Gon\u00e7alves","family":"Ramos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cl\u00e1udio Pereira","family":"Figueira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3051-9060","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Mitermayer G.","family":"Reis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Federico","family":"Costa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8494-361X","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Paula","family":"Ristow","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,8]]},"reference":[{"issue":"10","key":"pntd.0009736.ref001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"736","DOI":"10.1038\/nrmicro2208","article-title":"Leptospira: the dawn of the molecular genetics era for an emerging zoonotic pathogen","volume":"7","author":"AI Ko","year":"2009","journal-title":"Nat Rev Microbiol"},{"issue":"9","key":"pntd.0009736.ref002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"0","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0003898","article-title":"Global Morbidity and Mortality of Leptospirosis: A Systematic Review","volume":"9","author":"F Costa","year":"2015","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"key":"pntd.0009736.ref003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"176","DOI":"10.1016\/j.watres.2017.11.068","article-title":"Spatial and temporal dynamics of pathogenic Leptospira in surface waters from the urban slum environment","volume":"130","author":"A Casanovas-Massana","year":"2018","journal-title":"Water Res"},{"issue":"4","key":"pntd.0009736.ref004","first-page":"11","article-title":"Impact of environment and social gradient on Leptospira infection in urban slums","volume":"2","author":"RB Reis","year":"2008","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"issue":"3","key":"pntd.0009736.ref005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1450","DOI":"10.1099\/ijsem.0.003480","article-title":"Leptospira yasudae sp. 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