{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,23]],"date-time":"2026-07-23T13:07:51Z","timestamp":1784812071161,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,27]],"date-time":"2021-09-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1632700800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/publicdomain\/zero\/1.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100006492","name":"Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R01AI121211"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01AI121211"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100006492","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosntds.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS Negl Trop Dis"],"abstract":"<jats:sec id=\"sec001\">\n<jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Insecticide use continues as the main strategy to control <jats:italic>Aedes aegypti<\/jats:italic>, the vector of dengue, Zika, chikungunya, and yellow fever. In the city of Tapachula, Mexico, mosquito control programs switched from pyrethroids to organophosphates for outdoor spatial spraying in 2013. Additionally, the spraying scheme switched from total coverage to focused control, prioritizing areas with higher entomological-virological risk. Five years after this strategy had been implemented, we evaluated the status and variability of insecticide resistance among <jats:italic>Ae<\/jats:italic>. <jats:italic>aegypti<\/jats:italic> collected at 26 sites in Tapachula.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"sec002\">\n<jats:title>Methodology\/Principal findings<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>We determined the lethal concentrations at 50% of the tested populations (LC<jats:sub>50<\/jats:sub>) using a bottle bioassay, and then, we calculated the resistance ratio (RR) relative to the susceptible New Orleans strain. Permethrin and deltamethrin (pyrethroids), chlorpyrifos and malathion (organophosphates), and bendiocarb (carbamate) were tested. The frequencies of the substitutions V1016I and F1534C, which are in the voltage-gated sodium channel and confer knockdown-resistance (<jats:italic>kdr<\/jats:italic>) to pyrethroid insecticides, were calculated. Despite 5 years having passed since the removal of pyrethroids from the control programs, <jats:italic>Ae<\/jats:italic>. <jats:italic>aegypti<\/jats:italic> remained highly resistant to permethrin and deltamethrin (RR &gt; 10-fold). In addition, following 5 years of chlorpyrifos use, mosquitoes at 15 of 26 sites showed moderate resistance to chlorpyrifos (5- to 10-fold), and the mosquitoes from one site were highly resistant. All sites had low resistance to malathion (&lt; 5-fold). Resistance to bendiocarb was low at 19 sites, moderate at five, and high at two. Frequencies of the V1016I ranged from 0.16\u20130.71, while C1534 approached fixation at 23 sites (0.8\u20131). Resistance profiles and <jats:italic>kdr<\/jats:italic> allele frequencies varied across Tapachula. The variability was not associated with a spatial pattern at the scale of the sampling.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"sec003\">\n<jats:title>Conclusion\/Significance<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Mosquito populations respond to selection pressure at a focal scale in the field. Spatial variation across sites highlights the importance of testing multiple sites within geographical regions.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0009746","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,27]],"date-time":"2021-09-27T19:30:26Z","timestamp":1632771026000},"page":"e0009746","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pntd.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":34,"title":["Insecticide resistance in Aedes aegypti from Tapachula, Mexico: Spatial variation and response to historical insecticide use"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1862-4834","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Francisco","family":"Solis-Santoyo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Americo D.","family":"Rodriguez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0780-1527","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"R. Patricia","family":"Penilla-Navarro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Daniel","family":"Sanchez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alfredo","family":"Castillo-Vera","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9368-1217","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Alma D.","family":"Lopez-Solis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5118-4346","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Eduardo D.","family":"Vazquez-Lopez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1517-6853","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Saul","family":"Lozano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0516-0586","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"William C.","family":"Black","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8511-3327","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Karla","family":"Saavedra-Rodriguez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,27]]},"reference":[{"issue":"1","key":"pntd.0009746.ref001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"332","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-018-2899-0","article-title":"Pyrethroid resistance in the dengue vector Aedes aegypti in Southeast Asia: present situation and prospects for management","volume":"11","author":"ZH Amelia-Yap","year":"2018","journal-title":"Parasit Vectors"},{"key":"pntd.0009746.ref002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0006845","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0006845","article-title":"Integrated Aedes management for the control of Aedes-borne diseases","volume":"12","author":"D Roiz","year":"2018","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis."},{"key":"pntd.0009746.ref003","first-page":"229","article-title":"Evaluaci\u00f3n de la resistencia a insecticidas de una cepa de Aedes aegypti de El Salvador","volume":"26","author":"JA Bisset","year":"2009","journal-title":"Rev. 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