{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,5]],"date-time":"2026-11-05T20:44:53Z","timestamp":1793911493030,"version":"4.8.0"},"update-to":[{"DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0009789","type":"new_version","label":"New version","source":"publisher","updated":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,12]],"date-time":"2021-10-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1633996800000}}],"reference-count":60,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,30]],"date-time":"2021-09-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1632960000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"The Task Force for Global Health","award":["NTD-SC-208.2D"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NTD-SC-208.2D"]}]},{"name":"UK Foreign Commonwealth and Development Office (FCDO) through the Accelerating the Sustainable Control and Elimination of Neglected Tropical Diseases (ASCEND) programme","award":["PO-8374"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PO-8374"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosntds.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS Negl Trop Dis"],"abstract":"<jats:sec id=\"sec001\">\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      <jats:italic>Schistosoma haematobium<\/jats:italic>\n                      causes urogenital schistosomiasis and is widely distributed in Tanzania. In girls and women, the parasite can cause Female Genital Schistosomiasis (FGS), a gynecological manifestation of schistosomiasis that is highly neglected and overlooked by public health professionals and policy makers. This study explored community members\u2019 knowledge, attitudes and perceptions (KAP) on and health seeking behavior for FGS.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"sec002\">\n                    <jats:title>Methods\/Principal findings<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Using qualitative research methods\u2014including 40 Focus Group Discussions (FGDs) and 37 Key Informant Interviews (KIIs)\u2014we collected data from 414 participants (Males n = 204 [49.3%] and Females n = 210 [50.7%]). The study engaged 153 participants from Zanzibar and 261 participants from northwestern Tanzania and was conducted in twelve (12) purposively selected districts (7 districts in Zanzibar and 5 districts in northwestern Tanzania). Most participants were aware of urogenital schistosomiasis. Children were reported as the most affected group and blood in urine was noted as a common symptom especially in boys. Adults were also noted as a risk group due to their involvement in activities like paddy farming that expose them to infection. Most participants lacked knowledge of FGS and acknowledged having no knowledge that urogenital schistosomiasis can affect the female reproductive system. A number of misconceptions on the symptoms of FGS and how it is transmitted were noted. Adolescent girls and women presenting with FGS related symptoms were reported to be stigmatized, perceived as having a sexually transmitted infection (STI), and sometimes labeled as \u201cprostitutes\u201d. Health seeking behavior for FGS included a combination of traditional medicine, self-treatment and modern medicine.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"sec003\">\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion\/Significance<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Community members living in two very different areas of Tanzania exhibited major, similar gaps in knowledge about FGS. Our data illustrate a critical need for the national control program to integrate public health education about FGS during the implementation of school- and community-based mass drug administration (MDA) programs and the improvement of water, sanitation and hygiene (WASH) facilities.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0009789","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,30]],"date-time":"2021-09-30T15:45:06Z","timestamp":1633016706000},"page":"e0009789","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pntd.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":66,"title":["\u201cWe know about schistosomiasis but we know nothing about FGS\u201d: A qualitative assessment of knowledge gaps about female genital schistosomiasis among communities living in Schistosoma haematobium endemic districts of Zanzibar and Northwestern Tanzania"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5219-6234","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Humphrey D.","family":"Mazigo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2153-2623","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Anna","family":"Samson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1249-0700","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Valencia J.","family":"Lambert","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Agnes L.","family":"Kosia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Deogratias D.","family":"Ngoma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rachel","family":"Murphy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4839-709X","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Dunstan J.","family":"Matungwa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"pntd.0009789.ref001","volume-title":"Schistosomiasis","author":"World Health Organization","year":"2020"},{"key":"pntd.0009789.ref002","volume-title":"Ending the neglect to ttain the sustainable development goals: A Road map for neglected tropical diseases 2021\u20132030.","author":"World Health Organization","year":"2020"},{"key":"pntd.0009789.ref003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"423","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2012.04.013","article-title":"Time to set the agenda for schistosomiasis elimination","volume":"128","author":"D Rollinson","year":"2013","journal-title":"Acta Trop"},{"key":"pntd.0009789.ref004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1570","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(09)60233-6","article-title":"Rescuing the bottom billion through control of neglected tropical diseases","volume":"373","author":"PJ Hotez","year":"2009","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"pntd.0009789.ref005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e412","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0000412","article-title":"Neglected tropical diseases in sub-Saharan Africa: Review of their prevalence, distribution, and disease burden.","volume":"3","author":"PJ Hotez","year":"2009","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"key":"pntd.0009789.ref006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"612","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-014-0612-5","article-title":"Intestinal schistosomiasis and geohelminths of Ukara Island, Northwestern Tanzania: Prevalence, intensity of infection and associated risk factors among school children.","volume":"7","author":"M Mugono","year":"2014","journal-title":"Parasit Vectors."},{"key":"pntd.0009789.ref007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e559","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0000559","article-title":"Empowering women and improving female reproductive health through control of neglected tropical diseases.","volume":"3","author":"PJ Hotez","year":"2009","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"key":"pntd.0009789.ref008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"198","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2334-11-198","article-title":"The contribution of water contact behavior to the high Schistosoma mansoni infection rates observed in the Senegal River Basin.","volume":"11","author":"S Sow","year":"2011","journal-title":"BMC Infect Dis"},{"key":"pntd.0009789.ref009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"703","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-019-7041-5","article-title":"Community knowledge, perceptions and water contact practices associated with transmission of urinary schistosomiasis in an endemic region: a qualitative cross-sectional study.","volume":"19","author":"T Angelo","year":"2019","journal-title":"BMC Public Health"},{"key":"pntd.0009789.ref010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0004814","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0004814","article-title":"Community Knowledge, Perceptions, and Practices Associated with Urogenital Schistosomiasis among School-Aged Children in Zanzibar, United Republic of Tanzania.","volume":"10","author":"B Person","year":"2016","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis."},{"key":"pntd.0009789.ref011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1212","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra012396","article-title":"Schistosomiasis.","volume":"346","author":"AGP Ross","year":"2002","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"pntd.0009789.ref012","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2493","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMp1914709","article-title":"Female genital schistosomiasis","volume":"381","author":"PJ Hotez","year":"2019","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"pntd.0009789.ref013","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1509","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-3156.2008.02161.x","article-title":"Female genital schistosomiasis\u2014a differential diagnosis to sexually transmitted disease: genital itch and vaginal discharge as indicators of genital Schistosoma haematobium morbidity in a cross-sectional study in endemic rural Zimbabwe","volume":"13","author":"EF Kjetland","year":"2008","journal-title":"Trop Med Int Heal"},{"key":"pntd.0009789.ref014","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"378","DOI":"10.1016\/S0169-4758(99)01497-0","article-title":"Schistosomiasis of the female genital tract: Public health aspects","volume":"15","author":"G Poggensee","year":"1999","journal-title":"Parasitol Today"},{"key":"pntd.0009789.ref015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"311","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.2005.72.311","article-title":"Simple clinical manifestations of genital Schistosoma haematobium infection in rural Zimbabwean women","volume":"72","author":"EF Kjetland","year":"2005","journal-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg"},{"key":"pntd.0009789.ref016","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e3229","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0003229","article-title":"The colposcopic atlas of schistosomiasis in the lower female genital tract based on studies in Malawi, Zimbabwe, Madagascar and South Africa.","volume":"8","author":"HM Norseth","year":"2014","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis."},{"key":"pntd.0009789.ref017","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"593","DOI":"10.1097\/01.aids.0000210614.45212.0a","article-title":"Association between genital schistosomiasis and HIV in rural Zimbabwean women","volume":"20","author":"EF Kjetland","year":"2006","journal-title":"AIDS"},{"key":"pntd.0009789.ref018","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"868","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.2012.12-0395","article-title":"Association of Schistosomiasis and HIV Infection in Tanzania","volume":"87","author":"JA Downs","year":"2012","journal-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg"},{"key":"pntd.0009789.ref019","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105524","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2020.105524","article-title":"Beyond the barrier: Female genital schistosomiasis as a potential risk factor for HIV-1 acquisition","volume":"209","author":"AS Sturt","year":"2020","journal-title":"Acta Trop"},{"key":"pntd.0009789.ref020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pt.2012.03.001","article-title":"Neglected tropical diseases and mental health: A perspective on comorbidity","volume":"28","author":"E Litt","year":"2012","journal-title":"Trends Parasitol"},{"key":"pntd.0009789.ref021","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"743","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(15)60692-4","article-title":"Global, regional, and national incidence, prevalence, and years lived with disability for 301 acute and chronic diseases and injuries in 188 countries, 1990\u20132013: A systematic analysis for The Global Burden of Disease Study 2013","volume":"386","author":"T Vos","year":"2015","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"pntd.0009789.ref022","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"615","DOI":"10.2471\/BLT.20.252270","article-title":"Integration of prevention and control measures for female genital schistosomiasis, HIV and cervical cancer","volume":"98","author":"D Engels","year":"2020","journal-title":"Bull World Health Organ"},{"key":"pntd.0009789.ref023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"395","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpara.2016.02.006","article-title":"Female genital schistosomiasis (FGS): From case reports to a call for concerted action against this neglected gynaecological disease.","volume":"46","author":"V Christinet","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int J Parasitol"},{"key":"pntd.0009789.ref024","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0007207","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0007207","article-title":"A major hurdle in the elimination of urogenital schistosomiasis revealed: Identifying key gaps in knowledge and understanding of female genital schistosomiasis within communities and local health workers.","volume":"13","author":"VA Kukula","year":"2019","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"key":"pntd.0009789.ref025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"391","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2012.09.017","article-title":"Pre- and post-intervention perceptions and water contact behavior related to schistosomiasis in northwestern Tanzania","volume":"128","author":"JR Mwanga","year":"2013","journal-title":"Acta Trop"},{"key":"pntd.0009789.ref026","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"274","DOI":"10.1186\/1756-3305-5-274","article-title":"Epidemiology and control of human schistosomiasis in Tanzania.","volume":"5","author":"HD Mazigo","year":"2012","journal-title":"Parasit Vectors"},{"key":"pntd.0009789.ref027","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"401","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpara.2007.08.001","article-title":"Bayesian spatial analysis of a national urogenital schistosomiasis questionnaire to assist geographic targeting of schistosomiasis control in Tanzania, East Africa","volume":"38","author":"ACA Clements","year":"2008","journal-title":"Int J Parasitol"},{"key":"pntd.0009789.ref028","unstructured":"Tanzania Ministry of Health and Social Welfare. Report on urogenital schistosomiasis: National questionnaire baseline survey in Tanzania Mainland. Dar es Salaam: Schistosomiasis Control Initiative (SCI) and Ministry of Health and Social Welfare, Tanzania Mainland; 2010."},{"key":"pntd.0009789.ref029","first-page":"247","article-title":"Control of Schistosoma haematobium morbidity on Pemba Island: Validity and efficiency of indirect screening tests","volume":"75","author":"NJS Lwambo","year":"1997","journal-title":"Bull World Health Organ"},{"key":"pntd.0009789.ref030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.3946\/kjme.2017.53","article-title":"The qualitative orientation in medical education research.","volume":"29","author":"JA Cleland","year":"2017","journal-title":"Korean J Med Educ"},{"key":"pntd.0009789.ref031","volume-title":"Qualitative researching","author":"J. Mason","year":"2002","edition":"2"},{"key":"pntd.0009789.ref032","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"299","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.311.7000.299","article-title":"Qualitative research: Introducing focus groups","volume":"311","author":"J. Kitzinger","year":"1995","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"pntd.0009789.ref033","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1111\/1467-9566.ep11347023","article-title":"The methodology of focus groups: The importance of interaction between research participants.","volume":"16","author":"J. Kitzinger","year":"1994","journal-title":"Sociol Heal Illn"},{"key":"pntd.0009789.ref034","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1093\/acprof:osobl\/9780199856169.001.0001","volume-title":"Focus group discussions","author":"MM Hennink","year":"2014"},{"key":"pntd.0009789.ref035","first-page":"71","volume-title":"Key informant interviews.","author":"VJ Gilchrist","year":"1999"},{"key":"pntd.0009789.ref036","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1177\/1525822X05279903","article-title":"How Many Interviews Are Enough?","volume":"18","author":"G Guest","year":"2006","journal-title":"Field methods."},{"key":"pntd.0009789.ref037","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"591","DOI":"10.1177\/1049732316665344","article-title":"Code Saturation Versus Meaning Saturation.","volume":"27","author":"MM Hennink","year":"2017","journal-title":"Qual Health Res."},{"key":"pntd.0009789.ref038","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"383","DOI":"10.1108\/QRJ-D-18-00035","article-title":"Qualitative research: deductive and inductive approaches to data analysis.","volume":"18","author":"T. Azungah","year":"2018","journal-title":"Qual Res J"},{"key":"pntd.0009789.ref039","volume-title":"Qualitative data analysis: A user-friendly guide for social scientists","author":"I. Dey","year":"2005"},{"key":"pntd.0009789.ref040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"160940691989922","DOI":"10.1177\/1609406919899220","article-title":"Intercoder reliability in qualitative research: Debates and practical guidelines.","volume":"19","author":"C O\u2019Connor","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int J Qual Methods"},{"key":"pntd.0009789.ref041","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"58","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pt.2011.10.008","article-title":"A review of female genital schistosomiasis","volume":"28","author":"EF Kjetland","year":"2012","journal-title":"Trends Parasitol"},{"key":"pntd.0009789.ref042","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"782","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.1998.59.782","article-title":"Schistosomiasis of the lower reproductive tract without egg excretion in urine","volume":"59","author":"G Poggensee","year":"1998","journal-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg"},{"key":"pntd.0009789.ref043","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1210","DOI":"10.1086\/315345","article-title":"Female genital schistosomiasis of the lower genital tract: Prevalence and disease-associated morbidity in Northern Tanzania","volume":"181","author":"G Poggensee","year":"2000","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"key":"pntd.0009789.ref044","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"134","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2334-6-134","article-title":"Female genital schistosomiasis as an evidence of a neglected cause for reproductive ill-health: a retrospective histopathological study from Tanzania.","volume":"6","author":"B Swai","year":"2006","journal-title":"BMC Infect Dis"},{"key":"pntd.0009789.ref045","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1186\/s12978-016-0238-5","article-title":"Knowledge and awareness of genital involvement and reproductive health consequences of urogenital schistosomiasis in endemic communities in Ghana: a cross-sectional study.","volume":"13","author":"DR Yirenya-Tawiah","year":"2016","journal-title":"Reprod Health."},{"key":"pntd.0009789.ref046","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"515","DOI":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2003.09.018","article-title":"The social context of reproductive health in an Egyptian hamlet: A pilot study to identify female genital schistosomiasis.","volume":"58","author":"M Talaat","year":"2004","journal-title":"Soc Sci Med"},{"key":"pntd.0009789.ref047","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.1097\/AOG.0000000000000025","article-title":"Helminth infections: A new global women\u2019s health agenda.","volume":"123","author":"P Hotez","year":"2014","journal-title":"Obstet Gynecol."},{"key":"pntd.0009789.ref048","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e3296","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0003296","article-title":"The Relationship between Water, Sanitation and Schistosomiasis: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis.","volume":"8","author":"JET Grimes","year":"2014","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis."},{"key":"pntd.0009789.ref049","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.7554\/eLife.33065","article-title":"Impact of the scale-up of piped water on urogenital schistosomiasis infection in rural South Africa.","volume":"7","author":"F Tanser","year":"2018","journal-title":"Elife"},{"key":"pntd.0009789.ref050","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"156","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-015-0766-9","article-title":"The roles of water, sanitation and hygiene in reducing schistosomiasis: a review.","volume":"8","author":"JE Grimes","year":"2015","journal-title":"Parasit Vectors."},{"key":"pntd.0009789.ref051","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"703","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-019-7041-5","article-title":"Community knowledge, perceptions and water contact practices associated with transmission of urogenital schistosomiasis in an endemic region: a qualitative cross-sectional study.","volume":"19","author":"T Angelo","year":"2019","journal-title":"BMC Public Health"},{"key":"pntd.0009789.ref052","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1017\/S0021932003006114","article-title":"Schistosomiasis-related perceptions, attitudes and treatment-seeking practices in Magu district, Tanzania: Public health implications.","volume":"36","author":"JR Mwanga","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Biosoc Sci"},{"key":"pntd.0009789.ref053","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"784","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-3156.2004.01267.x","article-title":"Determinants of health-seeking behavior for schistosomiasis-related symptoms in the context of integrating schistosomiasis control within the regular health services in Ghana.","volume":"9","author":"A Danso-Appiah","year":"2004","journal-title":"Trop Med Int Heal"},{"key":"pntd.0009789.ref054","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.4314\/asr.v7i1.23128","article-title":"\u2018Better infection than hunger\u2019: A study of illness perceptions with special focus on Urogenital Schistosomiasis in Northern Tanzania.","volume":"7","author":"BM Ahlberg","year":"2003","journal-title":"African Sociol Rev"},{"key":"pntd.0009789.ref055","volume-title":"Prevention and control of schistosomiasis and soil-transmitted helminthiasis: Report of a WHO expert committee. WHO Technical Report Series.","author":"WHO Expert Committee on the Control of Schistosomiasis and World Health Organization","year":"2002"},{"key":"pntd.0009789.ref056","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"481","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-018-3064-5","article-title":"Geographical and behavioral risks associated with Schistosoma haematobium infection in an area of complex transmission.","volume":"11","author":"T Angelo","year":"2018","journal-title":"Parasit Vectors."},{"key":"pntd.0009789.ref057","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2004.10.003","article-title":"A six-year follow-up of schoolchildren for urogenital and intestinal schistosomiasis and soil-transmitted helminthiasis in Northern Tanzania","volume":"93","author":"G Poggensee","year":"2005","journal-title":"Acta Trop"},{"key":"pntd.0009789.ref058","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0007268","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0007268","article-title":"A 5-Year intervention study on elimination of urogenital schistosomiasis in Zanzibar: Parasitological results of annual cross-sectional surveys.","volume":"13","author":"S Knopp","year":"2019","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"key":"pntd.0009789.ref059","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0009127","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0009127","article-title":"Impact of seven years of mass drug administration and recrudescence of Schistosoma haematobium infections after one year of treatment gap in Zanzibar: Repeated cross-sectional studies.","volume":"15","author":"L Trippler","year":"2021","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"key":"pntd.0009789.ref060","first-page":"59","article-title":"The transmission of Schistosoma haematobium in an area of Lake Province, Tanganyika","volume":"27","author":"G. Webbe","year":"1962","journal-title":"Bull World Health Organ"}],"updated-by":[{"DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0011099","type":"correction","label":"Correction","source":"publisher","updated":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,26]],"date-time":"2023-01-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1674691200000}},{"DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0009789","type":"new_version","label":"New version","source":"publisher","updated":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,12]],"date-time":"2021-10-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1633996800000}}],"container-title":["PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pntd.0009789","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,12]],"date-time":"2021-10-12T23:00:23Z","timestamp":1634079623000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pntd.0009789"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Stefanie","family":"Knopp","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"editor"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,30]]},"references-count":60,"journal-issue":{"issue":"9","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,30]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pntd.0009789","relation":{},"ISSN":["1935-2735"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1935-2735","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,30]]}}}