{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T02:57:03Z","timestamp":1787021823124,"version":"build-2736575974"},"update-to":[{"DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0009798","type":"new_version","label":"New version","source":"publisher","updated":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,10]],"date-time":"2022-02-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1644451200000}}],"reference-count":48,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,31]],"date-time":"2022-01-31T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1643587200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"ESKAS","award":["2017.0748"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2017.0748"]}]},{"name":"ESKAS","award":["2017.0748"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2017.0748"]}]},{"name":"ESKAS","award":["2016.1250"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2016.1250"]}]},{"name":"ESKAS","award":["2016.1250"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2016.1250"]}]},{"name":"Bioko Island Malaria Elimination Program"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosntds.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS Negl Trop Dis"],"abstract":"\n Background<\/jats:title>\n \n Regular and comprehensive epidemiological surveys of the filarial nematodes\n Mansonella perstans<\/jats:italic>\n and\n Loa loa<\/jats:italic>\n in children, adolescents and adults living across Bioko Island, Equatorial Guinea are lacking. We aimed to demonstrate that blood retained on malaria rapid diagnostic tests, commonly deployed for malaria surveys, could be used as a source of nucleic acids for molecular based detection of\n M<\/jats:italic>\n .\n perstans<\/jats:italic>\n and\n L<\/jats:italic>\n .\n loa<\/jats:italic>\n . We wanted to determine the positivity rate and distribution of filarial nematodes across different age groups and geographical areas as well as to understand level of co-infections with malaria in an asymptomatic population.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Methodology<\/jats:title>\n \n M<\/jats:italic>\n .\n perstans<\/jats:italic>\n ,\n L<\/jats:italic>\n .\n loa<\/jats:italic>\n and\n Plasmodium<\/jats:italic>\n spp. parasites were monitored by qPCR in a cross-sectional study using DNA extracted from a subset malaria rapid diagnostic tests (mRDTs) collected during the annual malaria indicator survey conducted on Bioko Island in 2018.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Principal findings<\/jats:title>\n \n We identified DNA specific for the two filarial nematodes investigated among 8.2% (263) of the 3214 RDTs screened. Positivity rates of\n M<\/jats:italic>\n .\n perstans<\/jats:italic>\n and\n L<\/jats:italic>\n .\n loa<\/jats:italic>\n were 6.6% and 1.5%, respectively.\n M<\/jats:italic>\n .\n perstans<\/jats:italic>\n infection were more prominent in male (10.5%) compared to female (3.9%) survey participants.\n M<\/jats:italic>\n .\n perstans<\/jats:italic>\n parasite density and positivity rate was higher among older people and the population living in rural areas. The socio-economic status of participants strongly influenced the infection rate with people belonging to the lowest socio-economic quintile more than 3 and 5 times more likely to be\n L<\/jats:italic>\n .\n loa<\/jats:italic>\n and\n M<\/jats:italic>\n .\n perstans<\/jats:italic>\n infected, respectively. No increased risk of being co-infected with\n Plasmodium<\/jats:italic>\n spp. parasites was observed among the different age groups.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Conclusions\/Significance<\/jats:title>\n \n We found otherwise asymptomatic individuals were infected with\n M<\/jats:italic>\n .\n perstans<\/jats:italic>\n and\n L<\/jats:italic>\n .\n loa<\/jats:italic>\n . Our study demonstrates that employing mRDTs probed with blood for malaria testing represents a promising, future tool to preserve and ship NAs at room temperature to laboratories for molecular, high-throughput diagnosis and genotyping of blood-dwelling nematode filarial infections. Using this approach, asymptomatic populations can be reached and surveyed for infectious diseases beyond malaria.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0009798","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,31]],"date-time":"2022-01-31T13:36:18Z","timestamp":1643636178000},"page":"e0009798","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pntd.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Characterising co-infections with Plasmodium spp., Mansonella perstans or Loa loa in asymptomatic children, adults and elderly people living on Bioko Island using nucleic acids extracted from malaria rapid diagnostic tests"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5554-8039","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Charlene Aya","family":"Yoboue","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9290-3589","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Salome","family":"Hosch","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Olivier Tresor","family":"Donfack","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8576-328X","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Etienne A.","family":"Guirou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bonifacio Manguire","family":"Nlavo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mitoha Ondo\u2019o","family":"Ayekaba","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4069-9528","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Carlos","family":"Guerra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wonder P.","family":"Phiri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Guillermo A.","family":"Garcia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5961-095X","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Tobias","family":"Schindler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7136-0642","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Claudia A.","family":"Daubenberger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,31]]},"reference":[{"issue":"2","key":"pntd.0009798.ref001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"359","DOI":"10.1016\/j.idc.2012.02.005","article-title":"Nematode infections: filariases","volume":"26","author":"S Knopp","year":"2012","journal-title":"Infectious disease clinics of North America"},{"key":"pntd.0009798.ref002","first-page":"9","volume":"9","author":"TH Ta-Tang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Mansonellosis: current perspectives. 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