{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,23]],"date-time":"2026-09-23T00:29:00Z","timestamp":1790123340381,"version":"4.0.1"},"update-to":[{"DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0009814","type":"new_version","label":"New version","source":"publisher","updated":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,11]],"date-time":"2021-10-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1633910400000}}],"reference-count":48,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,29]],"date-time":"2021-09-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1632873600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["5T32AI100853-03"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["5T32AI100853-03"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["5T32AI007180"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["5T32AI007180"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosntds.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS Negl Trop Dis"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Anemia caused by trypanosome infection is poorly understood. Autoimmunity during<jats:italic>Trypanosoma brucei<\/jats:italic>infection was proposed to have a role during anemia, but the mechanisms involved during this pathology have not been elucidated. In mouse models and human patients infected with malaria parasites, atypical B-cells promote anemia through the secretion of autoimmune anti-phosphatidylserine (anti-PS) antibodies that bind to uninfected erythrocytes and facilitate their clearance. Using mouse models of two trypanosome infections,<jats:italic>Trypanosoma brucei<\/jats:italic>and<jats:italic>Trypanosoma cruzi<\/jats:italic>, we assessed levels of autoantibodies and anemia. Our results indicate that acute<jats:italic>T<\/jats:italic>.<jats:italic>brucei<\/jats:italic>infection, but not<jats:italic>T<\/jats:italic>.<jats:italic>cruzi<\/jats:italic>, leads to early increased levels of plasma autoantibodies against different auto antigens tested (PS, DNA and erythrocyte lysate) and expansion of atypical B cells (ABCs) that secrete these autoantibodies.<jats:italic>In vitro<\/jats:italic>studies confirmed that a lysate of<jats:italic>T<\/jats:italic>.<jats:italic>brucei<\/jats:italic>, but not<jats:italic>T<\/jats:italic>.<jats:italic>cruzi<\/jats:italic>, could directly promote the expansion of these ABCs. PS exposure on erythrocyte plasma membrane seems to be an important contributor to anemia by delaying erythrocyte recovery since treatment with an agent that prevents binding to it (Annexin V) ameliorated anemia in<jats:italic>T<\/jats:italic>.<jats:italic>brucei<\/jats:italic>-infected mice. Analysis of the plasma of patients with human African trypanosomiasis (HAT) revealed high levels of anti-PS antibodies that correlated with anemia. Altogether these results suggest a relation between autoimmunity against PS and anemia in both mice and patients infected with<jats:italic>T<\/jats:italic>.<jats:italic>brucei<\/jats:italic>.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0009814","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,29]],"date-time":"2021-09-29T19:36:22Z","timestamp":1632944182000},"page":"e0009814","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pntd.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":16,"title":["Autoimmunity to phosphatidylserine and anemia in African Trypanosome infections"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4822-0005","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Juan","family":"Rivera-Correa","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joseph","family":"Verdi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Julian","family":"Sherman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1596-3622","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Jeremy M.","family":"Sternberg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jayne","family":"Raper","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0060-3405","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Ana","family":"Rodriguez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"pntd.0009814.ref001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"421","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-pathol-020117-043711","article-title":"Pathology and Pathogenesis of Chagas Heart Disease","author":"KM Bonney","year":"2019","journal-title":"Annual Review of Pathology: Mechanisms of Disease"},{"key":"pntd.0009814.ref002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"645","DOI":"10.1590\/S0001-37652006000400004","article-title":"Immunology and immunopathology of African trypanosomiasis","volume":"78","author":"P Vincendeau","year":"2006","journal-title":"An Acad Bras Cienc"},{"key":"pntd.0009814.ref003","first-page":"1225","article-title":"Autoimmunity in trypanosome infections","volume":"26","author":"a. 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