{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,29]],"date-time":"2026-09-29T21:23:37Z","timestamp":1790717017340,"version":"4.1.0"},"update-to":[{"DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0009823","type":"new_version","label":"New version","source":"publisher","updated":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,14]],"date-time":"2021-10-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1634169600000}}],"reference-count":59,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,4]],"date-time":"2021-10-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1633305600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"national public health laboratories, ministry of health, the gambia"},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003971","name":"islamic development bank","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003971","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosntds.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS Negl Trop Dis"],"abstract":"<jats:p>There is a need for recent information on intermediate snail hosts of schistosomes in The Gambia; the previous studies were conducted over three decades ago. This study assessed the incidence, species diversity, distribution and infection status of schistosome intermediate snail hosts in the country. Malacological surveys were conducted in all 5 regions of The Gambia: Central River Region (CRR), Upper River Region (URR), Western Region (WR), Lower River Region (LRR) and North Bank Region (NBR). Sampling of snails was undertaken at 114 sites that included permanent water bodies such as streams (bolongs), rice fields, irrigation canals and swamps; and temporal (seasonal) laterite pools. Ecological and physicochemical factors of sites were recorded. Snails were identified morphologically and screened for schistosome infections using molecular techniques. Freshwater snails were found at more than 50% (60\/114) of sites sampled. While three species of <jats:italic>Bulinus<\/jats:italic> were collected, no <jats:italic>Biomphalaria<\/jats:italic> snails were found in any of the sites sampled. Of the total 2877 <jats:italic>Bulinus<\/jats:italic> snails collected, 75.9% were identified as <jats:italic>Bulinus senegalensis<\/jats:italic>, 20.9% as <jats:italic>Bulinus forskalii<\/jats:italic> and 3.2% as <jats:italic>Bulinus truncatus<\/jats:italic>. Seasonal pools produced the largest number of snails, and CRR was the region with the largest number of snails. <jats:italic>Bulinus senegalensis<\/jats:italic> was found more in seasonal pools as opposed to permanent sites, where <jats:italic>B<\/jats:italic>. <jats:italic>forskalii<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>B<\/jats:italic>. <jats:italic>truncatus<\/jats:italic> were observed to thrive. <jats:italic>Bulinus<\/jats:italic> snails were more common in seasonal sites where aquatic vegetation was present. In permanent sites, the abundance of snails increased with increase in water temperature and decrease in water pH. <jats:italic>Bulinus senegalensis<\/jats:italic> was found infected with both <jats:italic>S<\/jats:italic>. <jats:italic>haematobium<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>S<\/jats:italic>. <jats:italic>bovis<\/jats:italic>, while <jats:italic>B<\/jats:italic>. <jats:italic>forskalii<\/jats:italic> and B. <jats:italic>truncatus<\/jats:italic> had only <jats:italic>S<\/jats:italic>. <jats:italic>bovis<\/jats:italic> infection. While the human parasite <jats:italic>S<\/jats:italic>. <jats:italic>haematobium<\/jats:italic> was restricted to just four sites, the livestock parasite <jats:italic>S<\/jats:italic>. <jats:italic>bovis<\/jats:italic> had a much more widespread geographical distribution across both CRR and URR. This new information on the distribution of intermediate snail hosts of schistosomes in The Gambia will be vital for the national schistosomiasis control initiative.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0009823","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,4]],"date-time":"2021-10-04T21:41:00Z","timestamp":1633383660000},"page":"e0009823","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pntd.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":16,"title":["Species diversity and distribution of schistosome intermediate snail hosts in The Gambia"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3367-0102","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Ebrima","family":"Joof","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6188-9283","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Bakary","family":"Sanneh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sana M.","family":"Sambou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christopher M.","family":"Wade","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"pntd.0009823.ref001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1016\/S0001-706X(00)00122-4","article-title":"The global status of schistosomiasis and its control","volume":"77","author":"L Chitsulo","year":"2000","journal-title":"Acta Trop"},{"key":"pntd.0009823.ref002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"196","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bjid.2014.11.004","article-title":"Impact of human schistosomiasis in sub-Saharan Africa","volume":"19","author":"AF Adenowo","year":"2015","journal-title":"Braz J Infect Dis"},{"key":"pntd.0009823.ref003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2253","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(13)61949-2","article-title":"Human schistosomiasis","volume":"383","author":"DG Colley","year":"2014","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"pntd.0009823.ref004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1080\/00034983.1977.11687161","article-title":"Schistosoma haematobium in a Gambian community I. 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