{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,31]],"date-time":"2025-12-31T11:29:56Z","timestamp":1767180596063,"version":"build-2238731810"},"update-to":[{"DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0009928","type":"new_version","label":"New version","source":"publisher","updated":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,18]],"date-time":"2021-11-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1637193600000}}],"reference-count":13,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,8]],"date-time":"2021-11-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1636329600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000200","name":"United States Agency for International Development","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["7200AA18CA00040"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["7200AA18CA00040"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000200","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000057","name":"National Institute of General Medical Sciences","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["P20GM103644"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["P20GM103644"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000057","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000910","name":"Conrad N. Hilton Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["17332"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["17332"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000910","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Seeing is Believing Foundation"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosntds.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS Negl Trop Dis"],"abstract":"<jats:sec id=\"sec001\">\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>As the prevalence of trachoma declines worldwide, it is becoming increasingly expensive and challenging to standardize graders in the field for surveys to document elimination. Photography of the tarsal conjunctiva and remote interpretation may help alleviate these challenges. The purpose of this study was to develop, and field test an Image Capture and Processing System (ICAPS) to acquire hands-free images of the tarsal conjunctiva for upload to a virtual reading center for remote grading.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"sec002\">\n                    <jats:title>Methodology\/Principal findings<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      This observational study was conducted during a district-level prevalence survey for trachomatous inflammation\u2014follicular (TF) in Chamwino, Tanzania. The ICAPS was developed using a Samsung Galaxy S8 smartphone, a Samsung Gear VR headset, a foot pedal trigger and customized software allowing for hands-free photography. After a one-day training course, three trachoma graders used the ICAPS to collect images from 1305 children ages 1\u20139 years, which were expert-graded remotely for comparison with field grades. In our experience, the ICAPS was successful at scanning and assigning barcodes to images, focusing on the everted eyelid with adequate examiner hand visualization, and capturing images with sufficient detail to grade TF. The percentage of children with TF by photos and by field grade was 5%. Agreement between grading of the images compared to the field grades at the child level was kappa = 0.53 (95%CI = 0.40\u20130.66). There were ungradable images for at least one eye in 199 children (9.1%), with more occurring in children ages 1\u20133 (18.5%) than older children ages 4\u20139 (4.2%) (\u03c7\n                      <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n                      = 145.3,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      &lt;0.001).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"sec003\">\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions\/Significance<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The prototype ICAPS device was robust, able to image 1305 children in a district level survey and transmit images from rural Tanzania to an online grading platform. More work is needed to improve the percentage of ungradable images and to better understand the causes of disagreement between field and photo grading.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0009928","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,8]],"date-time":"2021-11-08T13:33:08Z","timestamp":1636378388000},"page":"e0009928","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pntd.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["Evaluation of photography using head-mounted display technology (ICAPS) for district Trachoma surveys"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6106-3177","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Fahd","family":"Naufal","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7847-3914","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Christopher J.","family":"Brady","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Meraf A.","family":"Wolle","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Michael","family":"Saheb Kashaf","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Harran","family":"Mkocha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7663-6759","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Christopher","family":"Bradley","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1030-2884","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"George","family":"Kabona","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jeremiah","family":"Ngondi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Robert W.","family":"Massof","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sheila K.","family":"West","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,8]]},"reference":[{"issue":"12","key":"pntd.0009928.ref001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1221","DOI":"10.1016\/S2214-109X(17)30393-5","article-title":"Global causes of blindness and distance vision impairment 1990\u20132020: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"5","author":"SR Flaxman","year":"2017","journal-title":"Lancet Glob Heal"},{"key":"pntd.0009928.ref002","unstructured":"World Health Organization. Design parameters for population-based trachoma prevalence surveys. Geneva, Switzerland; 2018."},{"key":"pntd.0009928.ref003","article-title":"The costs of monitoring trachoma elimination: Impact, surveillance, and trachomatous trichiasis (TT)-only surveys","author":"RD Stelmach","journal-title":"Glob Heal Div"},{"issue":"sup1","key":"pntd.0009928.ref004","first-page":"8","article-title":"National Trachoma Assessment in the Lao People\u2019s Democratic Republic in 2013\u20132014Ophthalmic Epidemiol","volume":"23","author":"K Southisombath","year":"2016"},{"issue":"94","key":"pntd.0009928.ref005","first-page":"38","article-title":"Tropical Data: a new service for generating high quality epidemiological data","volume":"29","author":"PJ Hooper","year":"2016","journal-title":"Community Eye Heal"},{"key":"pntd.0009928.ref006","unstructured":"World Health Organization. Tropical Data: A WHO-Led Initiative to Help National Programmes Collect and Do More with Their Data. 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