{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,18]],"date-time":"2026-07-18T21:51:01Z","timestamp":1784411461693,"version":"3.55.0"},"update-to":[{"DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0009929","type":"new_version","label":"New version","source":"publisher","updated":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,4]],"date-time":"2022-01-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1641254400000}}],"reference-count":58,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,15]],"date-time":"2021-12-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1639526400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"International Fund for Agricultural Development (IFAD) through the Rwanda Agriculture and Animal Resources Board","award":["Rwanda Dairy Development Project (RDDP) 2000001195"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Rwanda Dairy Development Project (RDDP) 2000001195"]}]},{"name":"International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology (icipe) through a Dissertation Research Internship Programme","award":["Fellowship"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Fellowship"]}]},{"name":"German Ministry for Economic Cooperation and Development (BMZ) through the Deutsche Gesellschaft f\u00fcr Internationale Zusammenarbeit","award":["Fellowship via ICTDL Project Contract Number 81235250 and Project Number 18.7860.2-001.00"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Fellowship via ICTDL Project Contract Number 81235250 and Project Number 18.7860.2-001.00"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosntds.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS Negl Trop Dis"],"abstract":"<jats:sec id=\"sec001\">\n<jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>African Trypanosomiases threaten the life of both humans and animals. Trypanosomes are transmitted by tsetse and other biting flies. In Rwanda, the African Animal Trypanosomiasis (AAT) endemic area is mainly around the tsetse-infested Akagera National Park (NP). The study aimed to identify <jats:italic>Trypanosoma<\/jats:italic> species circulating in cattle, their genetic diversity and distribution around the Akagera NP.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"sec002\">\n<jats:title>Methodology<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>A cross-sectional study was carried out in four districts, where 1,037 cattle blood samples were collected. The presence of trypanosomes was determined by microscopy, immunological rapid test VerY Diag and PCR coupled with High-Resolution Melt (HRM) analysis. A parametric test (ANOVA) was used to compare the mean Packed cell Volume (PCV) and trypanosomes occurrence. The Cohen Kappa test was used to compare the level of agreement between the diagnostic methods.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"sec003\">\n<jats:title>Findings<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>The overall prevalence of trypanosome infections was 5.6%, 7.1% and 18.7% by thin smear, Buffy coat technique and PCR\/HRM respectively. Microscopy showed a low sensitivity while a low specificity was shown by the rapid test (VerY Diag). <jats:italic>Trypanosoma (T<\/jats:italic>.<jats:italic>) congolense<\/jats:italic> was found at a prevalence of 10.7%, <jats:italic>T<\/jats:italic>. <jats:italic>vivax<\/jats:italic> 5.2%, <jats:italic>T<\/jats:italic>. <jats:italic>brucei brucei<\/jats:italic> 2% and <jats:italic>T<\/jats:italic>. <jats:italic>evansi<\/jats:italic> 0.7% by PCR\/HRM. This is the first report of <jats:italic>T<\/jats:italic>.<jats:italic>evansi<\/jats:italic> in cattle in Rwanda. The non-pathogenic <jats:italic>T<\/jats:italic>. <jats:italic>theileri<\/jats:italic> was also detected. Lower trypanosome infections were observed in Ankole x Friesian breeds than indigenous Ankole. No human-infective <jats:italic>T<\/jats:italic>. <jats:italic>brucei rhodesiense<\/jats:italic> was detected. There was no significant difference between the mean PCV of infected and non-infected animals (p&gt;0.162).<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"sec004\">\n<jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Our study sheds light on the species of animal infective trypanosomes around the Akagera NP, including both pathogenic and non-pathogenic trypanosomes. The PCV estimation is not always an indication of trypanosome infection and the mechanical transmission should not be overlooked. The study confirms that the area around the Akagera NP is affected by AAT, and should, therefore, be targeted by the control activities. AAT impact assessment on cattle production and information on the use of trypanocides are needed to help policymakers prioritise target areas and optimize intervention strategies. Ultimately, these studies will allow Rwanda to advance in the Progressive Control Pathway (PCP) to reduce or eliminate the burden of AAT.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0009929","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,15]],"date-time":"2021-12-15T18:37:42Z","timestamp":1639593462000},"page":"e0009929","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pntd.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["Occurrence, diversity and distribution of Trypanosoma infections in cattle around the Akagera National Park, Rwanda"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9625-8708","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Richard","family":"Gashururu S.","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ndichu","family":"Maingi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Samuel 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