{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,2]],"date-time":"2026-11-02T09:17:10Z","timestamp":1793611030452,"version":"4.5.0"},"update-to":[{"DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0009959","type":"new_version","label":"New version","source":"publisher","updated":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,31]],"date-time":"2022-05-31T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1653955200000}}],"reference-count":78,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,18]],"date-time":"2022-05-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1652832000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/publicdomain\/zero\/1.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000030","name":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["6NU1ROT000006-01-04"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["6NU1ROT000006-01-04"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000030","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001807","name":"FAPESP","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["2017\/06731-8"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2017\/06731-8"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001807","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001807","name":"FAPESP","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["2019\/20302-8"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2019\/20302-8"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001807","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosntds.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS Negl Trop Dis"],"abstract":"<jats:sec id=\"sec001\">\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Leptospirosis, caused by\n                      <jats:italic>Leptospira<\/jats:italic>\n                      bacteria, is a common zoonosis worldwide, especially in the tropics. Reservoir species and risk factors have been identified but surveys for environmental sources are rare. Furthermore, understanding of environmental\n                      <jats:italic>Leptospira<\/jats:italic>\n                      containing virulence associated genes and possibly capable of causing disease is incomplete, which may convolute leptospirosis diagnosis, prevention, and epidemiology.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"sec002\">\n                    <jats:title>Methodology\/Principal findings<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      We collected environmental samples from 22 sites in Puerto Rico during three sampling periods over 14-months (Dec 2018-Feb 2020); 10 water and 10 soil samples were collected at each site. Samples were screened for DNA from potentially pathogenic\n                      <jats:italic>Leptospira<\/jats:italic>\n                      using the\n                      <jats:italic>lipL32<\/jats:italic>\n                      PCR assay and positive samples were sequenced to assess genetic diversity. One urban site in San Juan was sampled three times over 14 months to assess persistence in soil; live leptospires were obtained during the last sampling period. Isolates were whole genome sequenced and LipL32 expression was assessed\n                      <jats:italic>in vitro<\/jats:italic>\n                      .\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      We detected pathogenic\n                      <jats:italic>Leptospira<\/jats:italic>\n                      DNA at 15\/22 sites; both soil and water were positive at 5\/15 sites. We recovered\n                      <jats:italic>lipL32<\/jats:italic>\n                      sequences from 83\/86 positive samples (15\/15 positive sites) and\n                      <jats:italic>secY<\/jats:italic>\n                      sequences from 32\/86 (10\/15 sites); multiple genotypes were identified at 12 sites. These sequences revealed significant diversity across samples, including four novel\n                      <jats:italic>lipL32<\/jats:italic>\n                      phylogenetic clades within the pathogenic P1 group. Most samples from the serially sampled site were\n                      <jats:italic>lipL32<\/jats:italic>\n                      positive at each time point. We sequenced the genomes of six saprophytic and two pathogenic\n                      <jats:italic>Leptospira<\/jats:italic>\n                      isolates; the latter represent a novel pathogenic\n                      <jats:italic>Leptospira<\/jats:italic>\n                      species likely belonging to a new serogroup.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"sec003\">\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions\/Significance<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Diverse and novel pathogenic\n                      <jats:italic>Leptospira<\/jats:italic>\n                      are widespread in the environment in Puerto Rico. The disease potential of these lineages is unknown but several were consistently detected for &gt;1 year in soil, which could contaminate water. This work increases understanding of environmental\n                      <jats:italic>Leptospira<\/jats:italic>\n                      diversity and should improve leptospirosis surveillance and diagnostics.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0009959","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,18]],"date-time":"2022-05-18T13:41:57Z","timestamp":1652881317000},"page":"e0009959","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pntd.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":36,"title":["Diverse lineages of pathogenic Leptospira species are widespread in the environment in Puerto Rico, USA"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Nathan E.","family":"Stone","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Carina M.","family":"Hall","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marielisa","family":"Ortiz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shelby M.","family":"Hutton","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ella","family":"Santana-Propper","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kimberly R.","family":"Celona","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Charles H. 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