{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,13]],"date-time":"2026-10-13T13:51:56Z","timestamp":1791899516868,"version":"4.3.4"},"update-to":[{"DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0009971","type":"new_version","label":"New version","source":"publisher","updated":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,24]],"date-time":"2022-02-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1645660800000}}],"reference-count":85,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,11]],"date-time":"2022-02-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1644537600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosntds.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS Negl Trop Dis"],"abstract":"<jats:sec id=\"sec001\">\n                    <jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Parasitic infections, especially intestinal protozoan parasites (IPPs) remain a significant public health issue in Africa, where many conditions favour the transmission and children are the primary victims. This systematic review and meta-analysis was carried out with the objective of assessing the prevalence of IPPs among school children in Africa.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"sec002\">\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Relevant studies published between January 2000 and December 2020 were identified by systematic online search on PubMed, Web of Science, Embase and Scopus databases without language restriction. Pooled prevalence was estimated using a random-effects model. Heterogeneity of studies were assessed using Cochrane Q test and\n                      <jats:italic>I<\/jats:italic>\n                      <jats:sup>\n                        <jats:italic>2<\/jats:italic>\n                      <\/jats:sup>\n                      test, while publication bias was evaluated using Egger\u2019s test.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"sec003\">\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Of the 1,645 articles identified through our searches, 46 cross-sectional studies matched our inclusion criteria, reported data from 29,968 school children of Africa. The pooled prevalence of intestinal protozoan parasites amongst African school children was 25.8% (95% CI: 21.2%-30.3%) with\n                      <jats:italic>E<\/jats:italic>\n                      .\n                      <jats:italic>histolytica\/ dispar<\/jats:italic>\n                      (13.3%; 95% CI: 10.9%-15.9%) and\n                      <jats:italic>Giardia<\/jats:italic>\n                      spp. (12%; 95% CI: 9.8%-14.3%) were the most predominant pathogenic parasites amongst the study participants. While\n                      <jats:italic>E<\/jats:italic>\n                      .\n                      <jats:italic>coli<\/jats:italic>\n                      was the most common non-pathogenic protozoa (17.1%; 95% CI: 10.9%-23.2%).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"sec004\">\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This study revealed a relatively high prevalence of IPPs in school children, especially in northern and western Africa. Thus, poverty reduction, improvement of sanitation and hygiene and attention to preventive control measures will be the key to reducing protozoan parasite transmission.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0009971","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,11]],"date-time":"2022-02-11T13:32:46Z","timestamp":1644586366000},"page":"e0009971","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pntd.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":59,"title":["Prevalence of intestinal protozoan parasites among school children in africa: A systematic review and meta-analysis"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Khalid","family":"Hajissa","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5937-6473","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Md Asiful","family":"Islam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2613-1781","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Abdoulie M.","family":"Sanyang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9661-3260","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Zeehaida","family":"Mohamed","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,11]]},"reference":[{"issue":"4","key":"pntd.0009971.ref001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.4172\/2380-5439.1000194","article-title":"Predominance of gastrointestinal protozoan parasites in children: a brief review","volume":"4","author":"I Abdullah","year":"2016","journal-title":"Journal of Health Education Research and Development"},{"issue":"1","key":"pntd.0009971.ref002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s13104-018-3871-y","article-title":"Prevalence of schistosomiasis and associated risk factors among school children in Um-Asher Area, Khartoum, Sudan","volume":"11","author":"K Hajissa","year":"2018","journal-title":"BMC research notes"},{"key":"pntd.0009971.ref003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2018.02.002","article-title":"Molecular diagnosis of protozoan parasites by Recombinase Polymerase Amplification","volume":"182","author":"A Castellanos-Gonzalez","year":"2018","journal-title":"Acta tropica"},{"key":"pntd.0009971.ref004","first-page":"2020","article-title":"Prevalence and Associated Risk Factors of Human Intestinal Protozoan Parasitic Infections in Ethiopia: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis","author":"D Tegen","year":"2020","journal-title":"Journal of parasitology research"},{"key":"pntd.0009971.ref005","author":"K Hajissa","year":"2020","journal-title":"Prevalence of Entamoeba histolytica and Giardia lamblia among schoolchildren in Um-Asher Area, Sudan"},{"key":"pntd.0009971.ref006","author":"WH Organization","year":"2010","journal-title":"Working to overcome the global impact of neglected tropical diseases: first WHO report on neglected tropical diseases: World Health Organization"},{"issue":"1","key":"pntd.0009971.ref007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e574","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0000574","article-title":"Prevalence and spatial distribution of Entamoeba histolytica\/dispar and Giardia lamblia among schoolchildren in Agboville area (C\u00f4te d\u2019Ivoire)","volume":"4","author":"M Ouattara","year":"2010","journal-title":"PLoS neglected tropical diseases"},{"issue":"1","key":"pntd.0009971.ref008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-017-2111-y","article-title":"Cryptosporidium and Giardia in Africa: current and future challenges","volume":"10","author":"SA Squire","year":"2017","journal-title":"Parasites & vectors"},{"issue":"4","key":"pntd.0009971.ref009","first-page":"387","article-title":"Human intestinal parasites","volume":"25","author":"R. 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