{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]],"date-time":"2026-09-30T22:13:43Z","timestamp":1790806423551,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":97,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,10]],"date-time":"2021-12-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1639094400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosntds.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS Negl Trop Dis"],"abstract":"<jats:sec id=\"sec001\">\n<jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Discovered by Nicolle and Comte in 1908 in Tunisia, <jats:italic>Leishmania infantum<\/jats:italic> is an intracellular protozoan responsible for zoonotic canine leishmaniosis (CanL) and zoonotic human visceral leishmaniasis (HVL). It is endemic in several regions of the world, including Tunisia, with dogs considered as the main domestic reservoir. The geographic expansion of canine leishmaniosis (CanL) has been linked to global environmental changes that have affected the density and the distribution of its sand fly vectors.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"sec002\">\n<jats:title>Methodology\/Principal findings<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>In this study, a cross-sectional epidemiological survey on CanL was carried out in 8 localities in 8 bioclimatic areas of Tunisia. Blood samples were taken from 317 dogs after clinical examination. Collected sera were tested by indirect fluorescent antibody test (IFAT; 1:80) for the presence of anti-<jats:italic>Leishmania infantum<\/jats:italic> antibodies. The overall seroprevalence was 58.3% (185\/317). Among positive dogs, only 16.7% showed clinical signs suggestive of leishmaniosis. Seroprevalence rates varied from 6.8% to 84.6% and from 28% to 66% by bioclimatic zone and age group, respectively. Serological positivity was not statistically associated with gender. The presence of <jats:italic>Leishmania<\/jats:italic> DNA in blood, using PCR, revealed 21.2% (64\/302) prevalence in dogs, which varied by bioclimatic zone (7.3% to 31%) and age group (7% to 25%). The entomological survey carried out in the studied localities showed 16 species of the two genera (<jats:italic>Phlebotomus<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>Sergentomyia)<\/jats:italic>. <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>. <jats:italic>perniciosus<\/jats:italic>, <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>. <jats:italic>papatasi<\/jats:italic>, and <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>. <jats:italic>perfiliewi<\/jats:italic> were the most dominant species with relative abundances of 34.7%, 25% and 20.4%, respectively.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"sec003\">\n<jats:title>Conclusions\/Significance<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>The present report suggests a significant increase of CanL in all bioclimatic areas in Tunisia and confirms the ongoing spread of the infection of dogs to the country\u2019s arid zone. Such an expansion of infection in dog population could be attributed to ecological, agronomic, social and climatic factors that affect the presence and density of the phlebotomine vectors.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0009990","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,10]],"date-time":"2021-12-10T18:23:35Z","timestamp":1639160615000},"page":"e0009990","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pntd.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":24,"title":["Canine leishmaniosis in Tunisia: Growing prevalence, larger zones of infection"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3339-7553","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Ali","family":"Bouattour","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Amine","family":"Amri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jaber Amine","family":"Belkhiria","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Adel","family":"Rhim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ons","family":"Fezaa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2064-5693","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Jean-Charles","family":"Gantier","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0048-4709","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Youmna","family":"M\u2019ghirbi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"pntd.0009990.ref001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"419","DOI":"10.1017\/S0007485316001097","article-title":"Evaluation of the impacts of climate change on disease vectors through ecological niche modelling","volume":"107","author":"BM Carvalho","year":"2017","journal-title":"Bull Entomol Res"},{"key":"pntd.0009990.ref002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13325","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-017-13822-1","article-title":"Modeling the climatic suitability of leishmaniasis vector species in Europe.","volume":"7","author":"LK Koch","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"pntd.0009990.ref003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1633","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0001633","article-title":"Temporal dynamics and impact of climate factors on the incidence of zoonotic cutaneous leishmaniasis in central Tunisia.","volume":"6","author":"A Toumi","year":"2012","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"key":"pntd.0009990.ref004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.1186\/1756-3305-4-197","article-title":"One Health: The global challenge of epidemic and endemic leishmaniasis.","volume":"4","author":"CB Palatnik-de-Sousa","year":"2011","journal-title":"Parasit Vectors"},{"key":"pntd.0009990.ref005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"991","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/dym125","article-title":"Zoonotic cutaneous leishmaniasis in central Tunisia: spatio\u2013temporal dynamics.","volume":"36","author":"A Ben Slah","year":"2007","journal-title":"Int J Epidemiol"},{"key":"pntd.0009990.ref006","unstructured":"Leishmaniasis [Internet]. 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