{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,27]],"date-time":"2026-09-27T09:55:54Z","timestamp":1790502954779,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":78,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,13]],"date-time":"2022-01-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1642032000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosntds.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS Negl Trop Dis"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) due to <jats:italic>Leishmania tropica<\/jats:italic> is a neglected tropical disease characterized by a wide geographical distribution in the Mediterranean basin and is endemic in several of its countries. In addition, the vector <jats:italic>Phlebotomus sergenti<\/jats:italic> is abundantly present all around the basin. Its transmission cycle is still subject to debate. In some countries, the presence of an animal reservoir has been confirmed. In Morocco, CL due to <jats:italic>L<\/jats:italic>. <jats:italic>tropica<\/jats:italic> has risen since the 1980s and has spread widely to become the most abundant form of leishmaniasis in the territory. However, the anthroponotic transmission is so far the only recognized mode, despite recordings of <jats:italic>L<\/jats:italic>. <jats:italic>tropica<\/jats:italic> infection in animal hosts. In this review article, we assess the situation of CL due to <jats:italic>L<\/jats:italic>. <jats:italic>tropica<\/jats:italic> in the Mediterranean basin with a focus on Morocco and gather knowledge about any potential zoonotic transmission in the country. A concomitant zoonotic transmission could explain the persistence of the disease in areas where human protective measures combined with vector management did not help reduce the disease burden.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0010009","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,13]],"date-time":"2022-01-13T18:30:53Z","timestamp":1642098653000},"page":"e0010009","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pntd.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":33,"title":["Transmission patterns of Leishmania tropica around the Mediterranean basin: Could Morocco be impacted by a zoonotic spillover?"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8348-0307","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Imane","family":"El Idrissi Saik","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7958-0949","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Chaimaa","family":"Benlabsir","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hassan","family":"Fellah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Meryem","family":"Lemrani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6718-9843","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Myriam","family":"Riyad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"pntd.0010009.ref001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms8091405","article-title":"Zoonotic diseases: Etiology, impact, and control.","volume":"8","author":"MT Rahman","year":"2020","journal-title":"Microorganisms"},{"key":"pntd.0010009.ref002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"951","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(18)31204-2","volume":"392","author":"S Burza","year":"2018","journal-title":"Leishmaniasis. Lancet"},{"key":"pntd.0010009.ref003","author":"WHO","year":"2018","journal-title":"Global Health Observatory (GHO) Leishmaniasis"},{"key":"pntd.0010009.ref004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e00129","DOI":"10.1016\/j.parepi.2019.e00129","article-title":"Possible introduction of Leishmania tropica to urban areas determined by epidemiological and clinical profiles of patients with cutaneous leishmaniasis in Casablanca (Morocco).","volume":"9","author":"B Baghad","year":"2020","journal-title":"Parasite Epidemiol Control"},{"key":"pntd.0010009.ref005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0007827","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0007827","article-title":"Cutaneous leishmaniasis in Syria: A review of available data during the war years: 2011\u20132018.","volume":"13","author":"G Muhjazi","year":"2019","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"issue":"3","key":"pntd.0010009.ref006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"239","DOI":"10.1016\/S0035-9203(01)90223-8","article-title":"The increase in risk factors for leishmaniasis worldwide","volume":"95","author":"P. Desjeux","year":"2001","journal-title":"Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg"},{"key":"pntd.0010009.ref007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.3390\/tropicalmed4010044","article-title":"The Global Burden of Disease of Zoonotic Parasitic Diseases: Top 5 Contenders for Priority Consideration","volume":"4","author":"K. Pisarski","year":"2019","journal-title":"Trop Med Infect Dis"},{"key":"pntd.0010009.ref008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"691","DOI":"10.1016\/j.micinf.2011.02.008","article-title":"Phlebotomus sergenti (Parrot, 1917) identified as Leishmania killicki host in Gharda\u00efa, south Algeria.","volume":"13","author":"SC Boubidi","year":"2011","journal-title":"Microbes Infect"},{"key":"pntd.0010009.ref009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"962","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.2012.11-0572","article-title":"Natural infection of North African Gundi (Ctenodactylus gundi) by Leishmania tropica in the focus of cutaneous leishmaniasis, Southeast Tunisia.","volume":"86","author":"N Bousslimi","year":"2012","journal-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg"},{"key":"pntd.0010009.ref010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"814","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.2010.09-0513","article-title":"Leishmania tropica in rock hyraxes (Procavia capensis) in a focus of human cutaneous leishmaniasis.","volume":"82","author":"D Talmi-Frank","year":"2010","journal-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg"},{"key":"pntd.0010009.ref011","first-page":"8","article-title":"The Geographical Distribution of Cutaneous Leishmaniasis Causative Agents in Iran and Its Neighboring Countries, A Review.","volume":"18","author":"MA Ghatee","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front Public Health"},{"key":"pntd.0010009.ref012","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2014.04.023","article-title":"Revisiting leishmaniasis in the time of war: The Syrian conflict and the Lebanese outbreak","volume":"29","author":"A Alawieh","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int J Infect Dis"},{"key":"pntd.0010009.ref013","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1712","DOI":"10.3201\/eid2010.140288","article-title":"Ongoing epidemic of cutaneous leishmaniasis among Syrian refugees, Lebanon","volume":"20","author":"M Saroufim","year":"2014","journal-title":"Emerg Infect Dis"},{"key":"pntd.0010009.ref014","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"213","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.2009.81.213","article-title":"First report of Leishmania tropica from a classical focus of L. major in North-Sinai, Egypt","volume":"81","author":"MG Shehata","year":"2009","journal-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg"},{"key":"pntd.0010009.ref015","first-page":"17","article-title":"Programme national de lutte contre les Leishmanioses.","volume":"56","author":"S Bouhout","year":"2018","journal-title":"Bull Annu Epidemiol"},{"key":"pntd.0010009.ref016","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1051\/parasite\/2014014","article-title":"Cutaneous Leishmaniasis in North Africa: a review.","volume":"21","author":"K Aoun","year":"2014","journal-title":"Parasite"},{"key":"pntd.0010009.ref017","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"510","DOI":"10.1016\/0035-9203(89)90268-X","article-title":"Cutaneous leishmaniasis due to Leishmania tropica in a young Moroccan child observed in Nice, France","volume":"83","author":"P Marty","year":"1989","journal-title":"Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg"},{"key":"pntd.0010009.ref018","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100","DOI":"10.1051\/parasite\/1991663100","article-title":"Leishmania tropica au Maroc. IV\u2014Diversit\u00e9 isozymique intrafocale","volume":"66","author":"F Pratlong","year":"1991","journal-title":"Ann Parasitol Hum Comp"},{"key":"pntd.0010009.ref019","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"660","DOI":"10.1016\/S0035-9203(97)90511-3","article-title":"Cutaneous leishmaniasis: an emerging epidemic focus of Leishmania tropica in north Morocco","volume":"91","author":"N Guessous-Idrissi","year":"1997","journal-title":"Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg"},{"key":"pntd.0010009.ref020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"299","DOI":"10.1016\/S0035-9203(03)00071-3","article-title":"Leishmaniasis due to Leishmania tropica MON-102 in a new Moroccan focus","volume":"98","author":"M Rhajaoui","year":"2004","journal-title":"Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg"},{"issue":"4","key":"pntd.0010009.ref021","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"697","DOI":"10.1093\/jmedent\/42.4.697","article-title":"Entomological Investigations in Chichaoua: An Emerging Epidemic Focus of Cutaneous Leishmaniasis in Morocco","volume":"42","author":"S Guernaoui","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Med Entomol"},{"key":"pntd.0010009.ref022","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"116","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2015.07.020","article-title":"Epidemiological characteristics of a new focus of cutaneous leishmaniasis caused by Leishmania tropica in Settat, Morocco.","volume":"150","author":"F Amarir","year":"2015","journal-title":"Acta Trop"},{"key":"pntd.0010009.ref023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2017.05.016","article-title":"New epidemiological pattern of cutaneous leishmaniasis in two pre-Saharan arid provinces, southern Morocco","volume":"173","author":"M Ait Kbaich","year":"2017","journal-title":"Acta Trop"},{"key":"pntd.0010009.ref024","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"80","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2013.12.018","article-title":"Leishmaniases in Maghreb: An endemic neglected disease","volume":"132","author":"D Chaara","year":"2014","journal-title":"Acta Trop"},{"key":"pntd.0010009.ref025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0006310","article-title":"Antimony susceptibility of Leishmania isolates collected over a 30-year period in Algeria.","volume":"12","author":"N Eddaikra","year":"2018","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"issue":"10","key":"pntd.0010009.ref026","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.2807\/ese.15.10.19505-en","article-title":"Leishmaniasis emergence in Europe.","volume":"15","author":"PD Ready","year":"2010","journal-title":"Euro Surveill"},{"key":"pntd.0010009.ref027","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1017\/S0031182099006125","article-title":"The vectorial competence of Phlebotomus sergenti is specific for Leishmania tropica and is controlled by species-specific, lipophosphoglycan-mediated midgut attachment","volume":"121","author":"S Kamhawi","year":"2000","journal-title":"Parasitology"},{"key":"pntd.0010009.ref028","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1123","DOI":"10.1016\/S0020-7519(02)00088-7","article-title":"ITS 2 sequences heterogeneity in Phlebotomus sergenti and Phlebotomus similis (Diptera, Psychodidae): Possible consequences in their ability to transmit Leishmania tropica.","volume":"32","author":"J Depaquit","year":"2002","journal-title":"Int J Parasitol"},{"key":"pntd.0010009.ref029","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2915.2012.01034.x","article-title":"Phlebotomine sandflies and the spreading of leishmaniases and other diseases of public health concern","volume":"27","author":"M Maroli","year":"2013","journal-title":"Med Vet Entomol"},{"key":"pntd.0010009.ref030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2014.01.003","article-title":"Will the introduction of Leishmania tropica MON-58, in the island of Crete, lead to the settlement and spread of this rare zymodeme?","volume":"132","author":"P Ntais","year":"2014","journal-title":"Acta Trop"},{"key":"pntd.0010009.ref031","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"361","DOI":"10.3201\/eid2502.181359","article-title":"Identification of Leishmania Species in Naturally Infected Sand Flies from Refugee Camps, Greece","volume":"25","author":"EA Fotakis","year":"2019","journal-title":"Emerg Infect Dis"},{"key":"pntd.0010009.ref032","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"64","DOI":"10.1016\/S0035-9203(03)00008-7","article-title":"The isolation of Leishmania tropica and L. aethiopica from Phlebotomus (Paraphlebotomus) species (Diptera: Psychodidae) in the Awash Valley, northeastern Ethiopia.","volume":"98","author":"T Gebre-Michael","year":"2004","journal-title":"Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg"},{"key":"pntd.0010009.ref033","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"630","DOI":"10.1111\/tmi.12686","article-title":"Differential ecological traits of two Phlebotomus sergenti mitochondrial lineages in southwestern Europe and their epidemiological implications","volume":"21","author":"G Merino-Espinosa","year":"2016","journal-title":"Trop Med Int Heal"},{"key":"pntd.0010009.ref034","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2915.1990.tb00255.x","article-title":"Phlebotomine vectors of the leishmaniases: a review","volume":"4","author":"R. Killick-Kendrick","year":"1990","journal-title":"Med Vet Entomol"},{"key":"pntd.0010009.ref035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"96","DOI":"10.1051\/parasite\/199166396","article-title":"Leishmania tropica in Morocco. III\u2014The vector of Phlebotomus sergenti. Apropos of 89 isolates","volume":"66","author":"E Guilvard","year":"1991","journal-title":"Ann Parasitol Hum Comp"},{"key":"pntd.0010009.ref036","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"305","DOI":"10.1186\/1756-3305-7-305","article-title":"Molecular detection and identification of Leishmania infection in naturally infected sand flies in a focus of cutaneous leishmaniasis in northern Morocco.","volume":"7","author":"N Es-Sette","year":"2014","journal-title":"Parasit Vectors"},{"key":"pntd.0010009.ref037","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0003687","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0003687","article-title":"Phlebotomus sergenti in a Cutaneous Leishmaniasis Focus in Azilal Province (High Atlas, Morocco): Molecular Detection and Genotyping of Leishmania tropica, and Feeding Behavior.","volume":"9","author":"M Ajaoud","year":"2015","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"key":"pntd.0010009.ref038","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"tbed.14064","DOI":"10.1111\/tbed.14064","article-title":"Entomological study in an anthroponotic cutaneous leishmaniasis focus in Morocco: Fauna survey, Leishmania infection screening, molecular characterization and MALDI-TOF MS protein profiling of relevant Phlebotomus species.","author":"I Mhaidi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Transbound Emerg Dis"},{"key":"pntd.0010009.ref039","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"346","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2006.01.001","article-title":"Altitudinal structuring of sand flies (Diptera: Psychodidae) in the High-Atlas mountains (Morocco) and its relation to the risk of leishmaniasis transmission.","volume":"97","author":"S Guernaoui","year":"2006","journal-title":"Acta Trop"},{"key":"pntd.0010009.ref040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"60","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-016-1343-6","article-title":"Species composition of sand flies and bionomics of Phlebotomus papatasi and P. sergenti (Diptera: Psychodidae) in cutaneous leishmaniasis endemic foci, Morocco","volume":"9","author":"S Boussaa","year":"2016","journal-title":"Parasit Vectors"},{"key":"pntd.0010009.ref041","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"859","DOI":"10.1007\/s00436-008-1068-3","article-title":"Entomological and epidemiological study of a new focus of cutaneous leishmaniasis in Morocco","volume":"103","author":"K Ramaoui","year":"2008","journal-title":"Parasitol Res"},{"key":"pntd.0010009.ref042","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"342","DOI":"10.1111\/jvec.12173","article-title":"Spatial relations among environmental factors and phlebotomine sand fly populations (Diptera: Psychodidae) in central and southern Morocco.","volume":"40","author":"K Kahime","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Vector Ecol"},{"key":"pntd.0010009.ref043","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"269","DOI":"10.3376\/1081-1710(2007)32[269:DAASOP]2.0.CO;2","article-title":"Distribution and altitudinal structuring of phlebotomine sand flies (Diptera: Psychodidae) in southern Anatolia, Turkey: their relation to human cutaneous leishmaniasis.","volume":"32","author":"FM Simsek","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Vector Ecol"},{"key":"pntd.0010009.ref044","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"339","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2012.12.008","article-title":"Entomological and ecological studies in a new potential zoonotic leishmaniasis focus in Torres Novas municipality, Central Region, Portugal.","volume":"125","author":"S Branco","year":"2013","journal-title":"Acta Trop"},{"key":"pntd.0010009.ref045","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1051\/parasite\/2000072143","article-title":"Les phl\u00e9botomes (Diptera-Psychodidae) de l\u2019\u00eele de Chypre II\u2014Pr\u00e9sence de Leishmania (Leishmania) infantum nicolle, 1908 (zymodeme MON 1) chez phlebotomus (larroussius) tobbi Adler et Theodor, 1930.","volume":"7","author":"N L\u00e9ger","year":"2000","journal-title":"Parasite"},{"key":"pntd.0010009.ref046","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-019-3507-7","article-title":"Updates on the distribution and diversity of sand flies (Diptera: Psychodidae) in Romania.","volume":"12","author":"CD Cazan","year":"2019","journal-title":"Parasit Vectors"},{"key":"pntd.0010009.ref047","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1155\/2019\/5327287","article-title":"Leishmaniasis in Northern Morocco: Predominance of Leishmania infantum Compared to Leishmania tropica","volume":"2019","author":"M Hakkour","year":"2019","journal-title":"Biomed Res Int"},{"key":"pntd.0010009.ref048","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"595","DOI":"10.1016\/0035-9203(91)90356-4","article-title":"Leishmania tropica in Morocco: infection in dogs","volume":"85","author":"J Dereure","year":"1991","journal-title":"Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg"},{"key":"pntd.0010009.ref049","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"172","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.1997.57.172","article-title":"Short report: Leishmania tropica: Etiologic agent of a case of canine visceral Leishmaniasis in Northern Morocco","volume":"57","author":"N Guessous-Idrissi","year":"1997","journal-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg"},{"key":"pntd.0010009.ref050","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"637","DOI":"10.1179\/000349802125001645","article-title":"A new Leishmania tropica zymodeme\u2014Causative agent of canine visceral leishmaniasis in northern Morocco","volume":"96","author":"M Lemrani","year":"2002","journal-title":"Ann Trop Med Parasitol"},{"key":"pntd.0010009.ref051","first-page":"35","article-title":"Leishmaniose cutan\u00e9e \u00e0 Leishmania tropica dans la r\u00e9gion de Marrakech (Maroc): un foyer rebelle!","volume":"41","author":"L Zougaghi","year":"2011","journal-title":"Rev Francoph Lab"},{"key":"pntd.0010009.ref052","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"454","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-017-2398-8","article-title":"Molecular detection of Leishmania infantum and Leishmania tropica in rodent species from endemic cutaneous leishmaniasis areas in Morocco.","volume":"10","author":"M Echchakery","year":"2017","journal-title":"Parasit Vectors"},{"key":"pntd.0010009.ref053","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"361","DOI":"10.1016\/S1286-4579(03)00046-7","article-title":"Leishmania tropica in the black rat 574 (Rattus rattus): Persistence and transmission from asymptomatic host to sand fly vector 575 Phlebotomus sergenti.","volume":"5","author":"M Svobodov\u00e1","year":"2003","journal-title":"Microbes Infect"},{"key":"pntd.0010009.ref054","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1088","DOI":"10.1017\/S0031182020000803","article-title":"First molecular detection and identification of Leishmania species in small wild rodents from Turkey","volume":"147","author":"M Karaku\u015f","year":"2020","journal-title":"Parasitology"},{"key":"pntd.0010009.ref055","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4044","DOI":"10.1002\/ece3.6174","article-title":"Shelter availability and human attitudes as drivers of rock hyrax (Procavia capensis) expansion along a rural\u2013urban gradient.","volume":"10","author":"N Ben-Moshe","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ecol Evol"},{"key":"pntd.0010009.ref056","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"320","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-019-3562-0","article-title":"Effects of land use type, spatial patterns and host presence on Leishmania tropica vectors activity.","volume":"12","author":"Y Waitz","year":"2019","journal-title":"Parasit Vectors"},{"key":"pntd.0010009.ref057","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1691","DOI":"10.1016\/j.micinf.2006.01.024","article-title":"Experimental transmission of Leishmania tropica to hyraxes (Procavia capensis) by the bite of Phlebotomus arabicus.","volume":"8","author":"M Svobodov\u00e1","year":"2006","journal-title":"Microbes Infect"},{"key":"pntd.0010009.ref058","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1973","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1612.100953","article-title":"Leishmania tropica infection in golden jackals and red foxes, Israel","volume":"16","author":"D Talmi-Frank","year":"2010","journal-title":"Emerg Infect Dis"},{"key":"pntd.0010009.ref059","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exppara.2016.05.011","article-title":"Seroprevalence of Leishmania infection and molecular detection of Leishmania tropica and Leishmania infantum in stray cats of \u0130zmir, Turkey.","volume":"167","author":"H Can","year":"2016","journal-title":"Exp Parasitol"},{"key":"pntd.0010009.ref060","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2015.02.006","article-title":"Detection of leishmania donovani and L. tropica in ethiopian wild rodents","volume":"145","author":"A Kassahun","year":"2015","journal-title":"Acta Trop"},{"key":"pntd.0010009.ref061","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"166","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2015.07.024","article-title":"Natural infection of bats with Leishmania in Ethiopia","volume":"150","author":"A Kassahun","year":"2015","journal-title":"Acta Trop"},{"key":"pntd.0010009.ref062","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"118","DOI":"10.1186\/1756-3305-7-118","article-title":"Mucocutaneous Leishmania tropica infection in a dog from a human cutaneous leishmaniasis focus.","volume":"7","author":"G Baneth","year":"2014","journal-title":"Parasit Vectors"},{"key":"pntd.0010009.ref063","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"565","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pt.2016.04.007","article-title":"Global Patterns of Zoonotic Disease in Mammals","volume":"32","author":"BA Han","year":"2016","journal-title":"Trends Parasitol"},{"key":"pntd.0010009.ref064","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"990","DOI":"10.1038\/nature06536","article-title":"Global trends in emerging infectious diseases","volume":"451","author":"KE Jones","year":"2008","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"pntd.0010009.ref065","article-title":"Domestic mammals as reservoirs for Leishmania donovani on the Indian subcontinent: Possibility and consequences on elimination.","author":"AK Kushwaha","year":"2021","journal-title":"Transbound Emerg Dis"},{"key":"pntd.0010009.ref066","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1860","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1212.060497","article-title":"Distinct transmission cycles of Leishmania tropica in 2 adjacent foci, northern Israel","volume":"12","author":"M Svobodova","year":"2006","journal-title":"Emerg Infect Dis"},{"key":"pntd.0010009.ref067","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envint.2015.09.007","article-title":"Impact of climate change on human infectious diseases: Empirical evidence and human adaptation.","volume":"86","author":"X Wu","year":"2016","journal-title":"Environ Int"},{"key":"pntd.0010009.ref068","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11516","DOI":"10.1007\/s11356-018-1340-8","article-title":"Climate and environmental factors affecting the incidence of cutaneous leishmaniasis in Isfahan, Iran.","volume":"25","author":"R Ramezankhani","year":"2018","journal-title":"Environ Sci Pollut Res"},{"key":"pntd.0010009.ref069","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"795","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1505.080969","article-title":"Canine Leishmaniasis in Southeastern Spain","volume":"15","author":"J Mart\u00edn-S\u00e1nchez","year":"2009","journal-title":"Emerg Infect Dis"},{"key":"pntd.0010009.ref070","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1615","DOI":"10.1111\/tbed.12914","article-title":"Risk factors for the expansion of cutaneous leishmaniasis by Leishmania tropica: Possible implications for control programmes.","volume":"65","author":"P Gij\u00f3n-Robles","year":"2018","journal-title":"Transbound Emerg Dis"},{"key":"pntd.0010009.ref071","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"361","DOI":"10.1016\/S0035-9203(00)90104-4","article-title":"A randomized controlled trial of insecticide-treated bednets and chaddars or top sheets, and residual spraying of interior rooms for the prevention of cutaneous leishmaniasis in Kabul, Afghanistan","volume":"94","author":"H Reyburn","year":"2000","journal-title":"Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg"},{"key":"pntd.0010009.ref072","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1155\/2020\/2196418","article-title":"Impact of Urbanization and Socioeconomic Factors on the Distribution of Cutaneous Leishmaniasis in the Center of Morocco.","author":"H El Omari","year":"2020","journal-title":"Interdiscip Perspect. Infect Dis"},{"key":"pntd.0010009.ref073","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1511","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms8101511","article-title":"Emerging and Re-Emerging Leishmaniases in the Mediterranean Area: What Can Be Learned from a Retrospective Review Analysis of the Situation in Morocco during 1990 to 2010?","volume":"8","author":"K Kholoud","year":"2020","journal-title":"Microorganisms"},{"key":"pntd.0010009.ref074","first-page":"1","article-title":"Test accuracy of polymerase chain reaction methods against conventional diagnostic techniques for cutaneous leishmaniasis (Cl) in patients with clinical or epidemiological suspicion of cl: Systematic review and metaanalysis.","volume":"14","author":"LE Mesa","year":"2020","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"key":"pntd.0010009.ref075","article-title":"The role of sampling by cotton swab in the molecular diagnosis of cutaneous leishmaniasis","author":"O Daoui","year":"2020","journal-title":"Transbound Emerg Dis"},{"key":"pntd.0010009.ref076","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1684","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms21051684","article-title":"Noninvasive Biological Samples to Detect and Diagnose Infections due to Trypanosomatidae Parasites: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.","volume":"21","author":"D Sereno","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci."},{"key":"pntd.0010009.ref077","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"716","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.18-0066","article-title":"Accuracy of a rapid diagnostic test based on antigen detection for the diagnosis of cutaneous leishmaniasis in patients with suggestive skin lesions in Morocco","volume":"99","author":"I Bennis","year":"2018","journal-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg"},{"issue":"12","key":"pntd.0010009.ref078","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0224660","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0224660","article-title":"Factors that enable effective One Health collaborations\u2014A scoping review of the literature.","volume":"14","author":"KM Errecaborde","year":"2019","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"}],"container-title":["PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pntd.0010009","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,13]],"date-time":"2022-01-13T18:31:50Z","timestamp":1642098710000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pntd.0010009"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Dhafer","family":"Laouini","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"editor"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,13]]},"references-count":78,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,13]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pntd.0010009","relation":{},"ISSN":["1935-2735"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1935-2735","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,13]]}}}