{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,2]],"date-time":"2026-10-02T07:26:01Z","timestamp":1790925961490,"version":"4.1.0"},"update-to":[{"DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0010062","type":"new_version","label":"New version","source":"publisher","updated":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,7]],"date-time":"2022-01-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1641513600000}}],"reference-count":67,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,23]],"date-time":"2021-12-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1640217600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosntds.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS Negl Trop Dis"],"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Schistosomes cause schistosomiasis, the world\u2019s second most important parasitic disease after malaria in terms of public health and social-economic impacts. A peculiar feature of these dioecious parasites is their ability to produce viable and fertile hybrid offspring. Originally only present in the tropics, schistosomiasis is now also endemic in southern Europe. Based on the analysis of two genetic markers the European schistosomes had previously been identified as hybrids between the livestock- and the human-infective species\n                    <jats:italic>Schistosoma bovis<\/jats:italic>\n                    and\n                    <jats:italic>Schistosoma haematobium<\/jats:italic>\n                    , respectively. Here, using PacBio long-read sequencing technology we performed genome assembly improvement and annotation of\n                    <jats:italic>S<\/jats:italic>\n                    .\n                    <jats:italic>bovis<\/jats:italic>\n                    , one of the parental species for which no satisfactory genome assembly was available. We then describe the whole genome introgression levels of the hybrid schistosomes, their morphometric parameters (eggs and adult worms) and their compatibility with two European snail strains used as vectors (\n                    <jats:italic>Bulinus truncatus<\/jats:italic>\n                    and\n                    <jats:italic>Planorbarius metidjensis<\/jats:italic>\n                    ). Schistosome-snail compatibility is a key parameter for the parasites life cycle progression, and thus the capability of the parasite to establish in a given area. Our results show that this\n                    <jats:italic>Schistosoma<\/jats:italic>\n                    hybrid is strongly introgressed genetically, composed of 77%\n                    <jats:italic>S<\/jats:italic>\n                    .\n                    <jats:italic>haematobium<\/jats:italic>\n                    and 23%\n                    <jats:italic>S<\/jats:italic>\n                    .\n                    <jats:italic>bovis<\/jats:italic>\n                    origin. This genomic admixture suggests an ancient hybridization event and subsequent backcrosses with the human-specific species,\n                    <jats:italic>S<\/jats:italic>\n                    .\n                    <jats:italic>haematobium<\/jats:italic>\n                    , before its introduction in Corsica. We also show that egg morphology (commonly used as a species diagnostic) does not allow for accurate hybrid identification while genetic tests do.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0010062","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,23]],"date-time":"2021-12-23T13:53:26Z","timestamp":1640267606000},"page":"e0010062","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pntd.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":45,"title":["Morphological and genomic characterisation of the Schistosoma hybrid infecting humans in Europe reveals admixture between Schistosoma haematobium and Schistosoma bovis"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7471-1724","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Julien","family":"Kincaid-Smith","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4805-9058","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Alan","family":"Tracey","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1147-0043","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Ronaldo","family":"de Carvalho Augusto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ingo","family":"Bulla","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nancy","family":"Holroyd","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anne","family":"Rognon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Olivier","family":"Rey","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5162-349X","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Cristian","family":"Chaparro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8019-7354","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Ana","family":"Oleaga","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1685-7004","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Santiago","family":"Mas-Coma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6343-308X","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Jean-Fran\u00e7ois","family":"Allienne","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2161-412X","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Christoph","family":"Grunau","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Matthew","family":"Berriman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"J\u00e9r\u00f4me","family":"Boissier","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2049-2279","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Eve","family":"Toulza","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"pntd.0010062.ref001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1016\/S0001-706X(00)00122-4","article-title":"The 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Int."},{"key":"pntd.0010062.ref005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"299","DOI":"10.1080\/10590501.2014.941279","article-title":"A review of the consequences of global climate change on human health","volume":"32","author":"K-H Kim","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Environ Sci Health C Environ Carcinog Ecotoxicol Rev"},{"key":"pntd.0010062.ref006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"623","DOI":"10.1038\/118623a0","article-title":"The naming of wild hybrid swarms","author":"L Cockayne","year":"1926","journal-title":"Nature."},{"key":"pntd.0010062.ref007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.1016\/j.coisb.2017.08.004","article-title":"Hybrid vigor: The best of both parents, or a genomic clash?","volume":"6","author":"D Bar-Zvi","year":"2017","journal-title":"Curr Opin Syst Biol"},{"key":"pntd.0010062.ref008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(16)00175-4","article-title":"Outbreak of urogenital schistosomiasis in 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Heal"},{"key":"pntd.0010062.ref027","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2189","DOI":"10.1007\/s00436-020-06709-0","article-title":"Cattle as natural host for Schistosoma haematobium (Bilharz, 1852) Weinland, 1858 x Schistosoma bovis Sonsino, 1876 interactions, with new cercarial emergence and genetic patterns.","volume":"119","author":"BAES Savassi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Parasitol Res"},{"key":"pntd.0010062.ref028","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1626","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciw493","article-title":"Diagnosis and Clinical Management of Schistosoma haematobium-Schistosoma bovis Hybrid Infection in a Cluster of Travelers Returning From Mali","volume":"63","author":"P Soentjens","year":"2016","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"pntd.0010062.ref029","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-020-04136-9","article-title":"Interactions between Schistosoma haematobium group species and their Bulinus spp. intermediate hosts along the Niger River Valley.","volume":"13","author":"T Pennance","year":"2020","journal-title":"Parasites and Vectors"},{"key":"pntd.0010062.ref030","first-page":"1","article-title":"Molecular characterization and distribution of Schistosoma cercariae collected from naturally infected bulinid snails in northern and central C\u00f4te d\u2019Ivoire.","volume":"12","author":"YNT Tian-Bi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Parasites and Vectors"},{"key":"pntd.0010062.ref031","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.2807\/1560-7917.ES2014.19.22.20821","article-title":"Schistosoma haematobium infections acquired in Corsica, France, August 2013.","volume":"19","author":"MC Holtfreter","year":"2014","journal-title":"Eurosurveillance"},{"key":"pntd.0010062.ref032","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4127","DOI":"10.1007\/s00436-015-4643-4","article-title":"Introgressive hybridizations of Schistosoma haematobium by Schistosoma bovis at the origin of the first case report of schistosomiasis in Corsica 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Savassi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Parasitol Res"},{"key":"pntd.0010062.ref036","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"319","DOI":"10.3201\/eid2701.204391","article-title":"Developing endemicity of schistosomiasis, Corsica, France","volume":"27","author":"C Rothe","year":"2021","journal-title":"Emerg Infect Dis"},{"key":"pntd.0010062.ref037","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0007543","article-title":"Epidemiological surveillance of schistosomiasis outbreak in Corsica (France): Are animal reservoir hosts implicated in local transmission?","volume":"13","author":"A Oleaga","year":"2019","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"key":"pntd.0010062.ref038","first-page":"105","article-title":"Differences in the Egg Morphology and Certain Biological Characteristics of Some African and Middle Eastern Schistosomes, Genus Schistosoma, with Terminal-Spined Eggs","volume":"32","author":"RJ Pitchford","year":"1965","journal-title":"Bull World Health 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