{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,6]],"date-time":"2026-04-06T05:23:03Z","timestamp":1775452983401,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,31]],"date-time":"2022-01-31T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1643587200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosntds.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS Negl Trop Dis"],"abstract":"<jats:sec id=\"sec001\">\n<jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Cryptosporidiosis outbreaks in South America are poorly documented. In March 2018, 51 cases of cryptosporidiosis were reported in Maripasoula, a village located in a remote forest area along the border between Surinam and French Guiana.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"sec002\">\n<jats:title>Method<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>To identify the origin of the epidemic, we performed epidemiological, microbiological, and environmental investigations. Only the cases involving diarrhoea and <jats:italic>Cryptosporidium<\/jats:italic>-positive stool were considered as <jats:italic>bona fide<\/jats:italic>, while cases involving diarrhoea and close contact with a confirmed case were classified as \u201cpossible\u201d.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"sec003\">\n<jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>We identified 16 confirmed cases and 35 possible ones. Confirmed cases comprised nine children (median age of 18 months, range: 6\u201321), one immunocompromised adult and six soldiers. One child required a hospitalisation for rehydration. All 16 <jats:italic>Cryptosporidium<\/jats:italic> stools were PCR positive, and sequencing of the <jats:italic>gp60<\/jats:italic> gene confirmed only one <jats:italic>Cryptosporidium hominis<\/jats:italic> subtype IbA10G2. Tap water consumption was the only common risk factor identified. Contamination of the water network with <jats:italic>Cryptosporidium parvum<\/jats:italic> subtype IIdA19G2 was found.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"sec004\">\n<jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Water quality is a major public health issue in Amazonian French Guiana, especially for population at risk (children, people with comorbidity, travelers). For them, alternative water supply or treatment should be implemented.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0010068","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,31]],"date-time":"2022-01-31T18:35:19Z","timestamp":1643654119000},"page":"e0010068","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pntd.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["Cryptosporidiosis outbreak in Amazonia, French Guiana, 2018"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0681-8431","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Estelle","family":"Menu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6004-3323","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Emilie","family":"Mosnier","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4300-3741","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Arnaud","family":"Cotrel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Loic","family":"Favennec","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3188-7794","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Romy","family":"Razakandrainibe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"St\u00e9phane","family":"Valot","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3270-2093","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Denis","family":"Blanchet","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Fr\u00e9d\u00e9ric","family":"Dalle","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Damien","family":"Costa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"M\u00e9lanie","family":"Gaillet","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Magalie","family":"Demar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Franck","family":"de Laval","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,31]]},"reference":[{"key":"pntd.0010068.ref001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6603","DOI":"10.1016\/j.watres.2011.10.013","article-title":"Waterborne transmission of protozoan parasites: review of worldwide outbreaks\u2014an update 2004\u20132010","volume":"45","author":"S Baldursson","year":"2011","journal-title":"Water Res"},{"key":"pntd.0010068.ref002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1459","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(16)31012-1","article-title":"Global, regional, and national life expectancy, all-cause mortality, and cause-specific mortality for 249 causes of death, 1980\u20132015: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015","volume":"388","author":"GBD 2015 Mortality and Causes of Death Collaborators.","year":"2016","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"pntd.0010068.ref003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(14)70772-8","article-title":"A review of the global burden, novel diagnostics, therapeutics, and vaccine targets for cryptosporidium","volume":"15","author":"W Checkley","year":"2015","journal-title":"Lancet Infect Dis"},{"key":"pntd.0010068.ref004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"425","DOI":"10.3399\/bjgp17X692501","article-title":"Cryptosporidium outbreaks: identification, diagnosis, and management.","volume":"67","author":"S Horne","year":"2017","journal-title":"Br J Gen Pract"},{"key":"pntd.0010068.ref005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199407213310304","article-title":"A massive outbreak in Milwaukee of cryptosporidium infection transmitted through the public water supply","volume":"331","author":"WR Mac Kenzie","year":"1994","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"pntd.0010068.ref006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"138","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exppara.2009.02.003","article-title":"Minireview: clinical cryptosporidiosis","volume":"124","author":"RM Chalmers","year":"2010","journal-title":"Exp Parasitol"},{"key":"pntd.0010068.ref007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"837","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pcl.2017.03.014","article-title":"Cryptosporidium and Giardia Infections in Children: A Review","volume":"64","author":"BT Mmbaga","year":"2017","journal-title":"Pediatr Clin North Am"},{"key":"pntd.0010068.ref008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1727","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.17-0609","article-title":"Cryptosporidiosis Outbreak in Immunocompetent Children from a Remote Area of French Guiana","volume":"98","author":"E Mosnier","year":"2018","journal-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg"},{"key":"pntd.0010068.ref009","unstructured":"Bilan d\u00e9mographique 2015\u2014Insee Premi\u00e8re\u20141581. [cited 23 Apr 2019]. Available: https:\/\/www.insee.fr\/fr\/statistiques\/1908103"},{"key":"pntd.0010068.ref010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"734","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(84)92245-1","article-title":"Screening for Cryptosporidium in stools","volume":"1","author":"DP Casemore","year":"1984","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"pntd.0010068.ref011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.4103\/tp.TP_34_17","article-title":"Laboratory diagnosis of cryptosporidiosis","volume":"8","author":"S Khurana","year":"2018","journal-title":"Trop Parasitol"},{"key":"pntd.0010068.ref012","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2556","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.03458-12","article-title":"Multicentric evaluation of a new real-time PCR assay for quantification of Cryptosporidium spp. and identification of Cryptosporidium parvum and Cryptosporidium hominis","volume":"51","author":"C Mary","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Clin Microbiol"},{"key":"pntd.0010068.ref013","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms8091450","article-title":"Multicenter Comparative Study of Six Cryptosporidium parvum DNA Extraction Protocols Including Mechanical Pretreatment from Stool Samples","volume":"8","author":"N Valeix","year":"2020","journal-title":"Microorganisms"},{"key":"pntd.0010068.ref014","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2690","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.41.6.2690-2693.2003","article-title":"Molecular characterization of isolates of waterborne Cryptosporidium spp. collected during an outbreak of gastroenteritis in South Burgundy, France","volume":"41","author":"F Dalle","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Clin Microbiol"},{"key":"pntd.0010068.ref015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2805","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.43.6.2805-2809.2005","article-title":"Unique endemicity of cryptosporidiosis in children in Kuwait","volume":"43","author":"IM Sulaiman","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Clin Microbiol"},{"key":"pntd.0010068.ref016","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms8091358","article-title":"Epidemiology of Cryptosporidiosis in France from 2017 to 2019","volume":"8","author":"D Costa","year":"2020","journal-title":"Microorganisms"},{"key":"pntd.0010068.ref017","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"918","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.01733-10","article-title":"Detection and differentiation of Cryptosporidium spp. in human clinical samples by use of real-time PCR","volume":"49","author":"SJ Hadfield","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Clin Microbiol"},{"key":"pntd.0010068.ref018","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"496","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1403.071320","article-title":"Geographic Linkage and Variation in Cryptosporidium hominis","volume":"14","author":"RM Chalmers","year":"2008","journal-title":"Emerg Infect Dis"},{"key":"pntd.0010068.ref019","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"581","DOI":"10.3201\/eid2004.121415","article-title":"Large Outbreak of Cryptosporidium hominis Infection Transmitted through the Public Water Supply, Sweden","volume":"20","author":"M Widerstr\u00f6m","year":"2014","journal-title":"Emerg Infect Dis"},{"key":"pntd.0010068.ref020","first-page":"1573","article-title":"Genetic Recombination and Cryptosporidium hominis Virulent Subtype IbA10G2","volume":"19","author":"N Li","year":"2013","journal-title":"Emerg Infect Dis"},{"key":"pntd.0010068.ref021","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"563","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-018-3147-3","article-title":"Molecular detection and genotyping of pathogenic protozoan parasites in raw and treated water samples from southwest Colombia","volume":"11","author":"C S\u00e1nchez","year":"2018","journal-title":"Parasit Vectors"},{"key":"pntd.0010068.ref022","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1789","DOI":"10.1007\/s00436-016-4917-5","article-title":"Detection by PCR of pathogenic protozoa in raw and drinkable water samples in Colombia","volume":"115","author":"J Trivi\u00f1o-Valencia","year":"2016","journal-title":"Parasitol Res"},{"key":"pntd.0010068.ref023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"48","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2016.11.021","article-title":"First description of Cryptosporidium hominis GP60 genotype IkA20G1 and Cryptosporidium parvum GP60 genotypes IIaA18G3R1 and IIaA15G2R1 in foals in Brazil","volume":"233","author":"SV In\u00e1cio","year":"2017","journal-title":"Vet Parasitol"},{"key":"pntd.0010068.ref024","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1567","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1410.071273","article-title":"Cryptosporidium species and subtypes and clinical manifestations in children, Peru","volume":"14","author":"VA Cama","year":"2008","journal-title":"Emerg Infect Dis"},{"key":"pntd.0010068.ref025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"476","DOI":"10.1590\/S0074-02762012000400006","article-title":"Detection and differentiation of Cryptosporidium by real-time polymerase chain reaction in stool samples from patients in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil","volume":"107","author":"RFR Rolando","year":"2012","journal-title":"Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz"},{"key":"pntd.0010068.ref026","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1590\/0074-02760150303","article-title":"Genetic diversity of Cryptosporidium identified in clinical samples from cities in Brazil and Argentina","volume":"111","author":"RHS Peralta","year":"2016","journal-title":"Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz"},{"key":"pntd.0010068.ref027","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2935","DOI":"10.1007\/s00436-020-06782-5","article-title":"Common occurrence of Cryptosporidium hominis in children attending day-care centers in Medellin","volume":"119","author":"AL Galvan-Diaz","year":"2020","journal-title":"Colombia. Parasitol Res"},{"key":"pntd.0010068.ref028","article-title":"Genetic Diversity and Population Structure of Cryptosporidium","author":"Y Feng","year":"2018","journal-title":"Trends Parasitol"},{"key":"pntd.0010068.ref029","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1367","DOI":"10.3346\/jkms.2014.29.10.1367","article-title":"Detection of Cryptosporidium parvum in environmental soil and vegetables","volume":"29","author":"S Hong","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Korean Med Sci"},{"key":"pntd.0010068.ref030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1379","DOI":"10.1016\/S0020-7519(00)00128-4","article-title":"Emerging parasite zoonoses associated with water and food","volume":"30","author":"TR Slifko","year":"2000","journal-title":"Int J Parasitol"},{"key":"pntd.0010068.ref031","first-page":"647","article-title":"Performance of Eight PCR Methods to Detect Cryptosporidium Species","volume":"10","author":"D Costa","year":"2021","journal-title":"ComparativePathogens"},{"key":"pntd.0010068.ref032","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3809","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.68.8.3809-3817.2002","article-title":"Comparison of in vitro cell culture and a mouse assay for measuring infectivity of Cryptosporidium parvum","volume":"68","author":"PA Rochelle","year":"2002","journal-title":"Appl Environ Microbiol"},{"key":"pntd.0010068.ref033","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"267","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mimet.2010.01.017","article-title":"Investigations of the relationship between use of in vitro cell culture-quantitative PCR and a mouse-based bioassay for evaluating critical factors affecting the disinfection performance of pulsed UV light for treating Cryptosporidium parvum oocysts in saline","volume":"80","author":"M Garvey","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Microbiol Methods"},{"key":"pntd.0010068.ref034","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2151","DOI":"10.1016\/j.watres.2007.01.056","article-title":"Removal and fate of Cryptosporidium parvum, Clostridium perfringens and small-sized centric diatoms (Stephanodiscus hantzschii) in slow sand filters","volume":"41","author":"WAM Hijnen","year":"2007","journal-title":"Water Res"},{"key":"pntd.0010068.ref035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1650","DOI":"10.3201\/eid2310.152037","article-title":"Economic Assessment of Waterborne Outbreak of Cryptosporidiosis","volume":"23","author":"A Chyzheuskaya","year":"2017","journal-title":"Emerg Infect Dis"},{"key":"pntd.0010068.ref036","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"630","DOI":"10.1515\/ap-2017-0077","article-title":"Intestinal coccidian parasites as an underestimated cause of travellers\u2019 diarrhoea in Polish immunocompetent patient","volume":"62","author":"M K\u0142udkowska","year":"2017","journal-title":"Acta Parasitol"},{"key":"pntd.0010068.ref037","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"561","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pt.2017.02.006","article-title":"Pathogenic Mechanisms of Cryptosporidium and Giardia","volume":"33","author":"G Certad","year":"2017","journal-title":"Trends Parasitol"},{"key":"pntd.0010068.ref038","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(13)60844-2","article-title":"Burden and aetiology of diarrhoeal disease in infants and young children in developing countries (the Global Enteric Multicenter Study, GEMS): a prospective, case-control study","volume":"382","author":"KL Kotloff","year":"2013","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"pntd.0010068.ref039","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e758","DOI":"10.1016\/S2214-109X(18)30283-3","article-title":"Morbidity, mortality, and long-term consequences associated with diarrhoea from Cryptosporidium infection in children younger than 5 years: a meta-analyses study","volume":"6","author":"IA Khalil","year":"2018","journal-title":"Lancet Glob Health"},{"key":"pntd.0010068.ref040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.1999.60.157","article-title":"Infectivity of Cryptosporidium parvum in healthy adults with pre-existing anti-C. parvum serum immunoglobulin G","volume":"60","author":"CL Chappell","year":"1999","journal-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg"}],"container-title":["PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pntd.0010068","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,31]],"date-time":"2022-01-31T18:35:52Z","timestamp":1643654152000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pntd.0010068"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Maria Angeles","family":"G\u00f3mez-Morales","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"editor","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,31]]},"references-count":40,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,31]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pntd.0010068","relation":{},"ISSN":["1935-2735"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1935-2735","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,31]]}}}