{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,7]],"date-time":"2026-10-07T18:22:09Z","timestamp":1791397329393,"version":"4.3.3"},"update-to":[{"DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0010079","type":"new_version","label":"New version","source":"publisher","updated":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,9]],"date-time":"2022-05-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1652054400000}}],"reference-count":82,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,27]],"date-time":"2022-04-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1651017600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/3.0\/igo\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"UNICEF\/UNDP\/World Bank\/WHO Special Programme for Research and Training in Tropical Diseases"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosntds.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS Negl Trop Dis"],"abstract":"<jats:sec id=\"sec001\">\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Our study in CDTI-na\u00efve areas in Nord Kivu and Ituri (Democratic Republic of the Congo, DRC), Lofa County (Liberia) and Nkwanta district (Ghana) showed that a single 8 mg moxidectin dose reduced skin microfilariae density (microfilariae\/mg skin, SmfD) better and for longer than a single 150\u03bcg\/kg ivermectin dose. We now analysed efficacy by study area and pre-treatment SmfD (intensity of infection, IoI).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"sec002\">\n                    <jats:title>Methodology\/Principal findings<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Four and three IoI categories were defined for across-study and by-study area analyses, respectively. We used a general linear model to analyse SmfD 1, 6, 12 and 18 months post-treatment, a logistic model to determine the odds of undetectable SmfD from month 1 to month 6 (UD1-6), month 12 (UD1-12) and month 18 (UD1-18), and descriptive statistics to quantitate inter-interindividual response differences. Twelve months post-treatment, treatment differences (difference in adjusted geometric mean SmfD after moxidectin and ivermectin in percentage of the adjusted geometric mean SmfD after ivermectin treatment) were 92.9%, 90.1%, 86.8% and 84.5% in Nord Kivu, Ituri, Lofa and Nkwanta, and 74.1%, 84.2%, 90.0% and 95.4% for participants with SmfD 10\u201320, \u226520-&lt;50, \u226550-&lt;80, \u226580, respectively. Ivermectin\u2019s efficacy was lower in Ituri and Nkwanta than Nord Kivu and Lofa (p\u22640.002) and moxidectin\u2019s efficacy lower in Nkwanta than Nord Kivu, Ituri and Lofa (p&lt;0.006). Odds ratios for UD1-6, UD1-12 or UD1-18 after moxidectin versus ivermectin treatment exceeded 7.0. Suboptimal response (SmfD 12 months post-treatment &gt;40% of pre-treatment SmfD) occurred in 0%, 0.3%, 1.6% and 3.9% of moxidectin and 12.1%, 23.7%, 10.8% and 28.0% of ivermectin treated participants in Nord Kivu, Ituri, Lofa and Nkwanta, respectively.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"sec003\">\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions\/Significance<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The benefit of moxidectin vs ivermectin treatment increased with pre-treatment IoI. The possibility that parasite populations in different areas have different drug susceptibility without prior ivermectin selection pressure needs to be considered and further investigated.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"sec004\">\n                    <jats:title>Clinical Trial Registration<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Registered on 14 November 2008 in Clinicaltrials.gov (ID:\n                      <jats:ext-link xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" ext-link-type=\"uri\" xlink:href=\"https:\/\/clinicaltrials.gov\/ct2\/show\/NCT00790998\" xlink:type=\"simple\">NCT00790998<\/jats:ext-link>\n                      ).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0010079","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,27]],"date-time":"2022-04-27T13:37:47Z","timestamp":1651066667000},"page":"e0010079","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pntd.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":22,"title":["Effect of a single dose of 8 mg moxidectin or 150 \u03bcg\/kg ivermectin on O. volvulus skin microfilariae in a randomized trial: Differences between areas in the Democratic Republic of the Congo, Liberia and Ghana and impact of intensity of infection"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Didier","family":"Bakajika","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eric M.","family":"Kanza","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nicholas O.","family":"Opoku","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hayford M.","family":"Howard","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Germain L.","family":"Mambandu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Amos","family":"Nyathirombo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maurice M.","family":"Nigo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kambale Kasonia","family":"Kennedy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Safari L.","family":"Masembe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mupenzi","family":"Mumbere","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kambale","family":"Kataliko","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kpehe M.","family":"Bolay","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Simon K.","family":"Attah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"George","family":"Olipoh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sampson","family":"Asare","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michel","family":"Vaillant","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christine M.","family":"Halleux","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1696-1784","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Annette C.","family":"Kuesel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"pntd.0010079.ref001","first-page":"576","volume-title":"Helminthic Diseases: Onchocerciasis and Loiasis.","author":"JHF Remme","year":"2017"},{"key":"pntd.0010079.ref002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1278","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(18)30425-0","article-title":"The temporal relationship between onchocerciasis and epilepsy: a population-based cohort study","volume":"18","author":"CB Chesnais","year":"2018","journal-title":"Lancet Infect Dis"},{"key":"pntd.0010079.ref003","first-page":"405","article-title":"Progress toward elimination of onchocerciasis in the Americas\u20141993\u20132012.","volume":"62","author":"Center for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC).","year":"2013","journal-title":"MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep."},{"key":"pntd.0010079.ref004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"i71","DOI":"10.1093\/inthealth\/ihx039","article-title":"Progress toward elimination of onchocerciasis in the Americas","volume":"10","author":"M Sauerbrey","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int Health"},{"key":"pntd.0010079.ref005","first-page":"513","article-title":"Elimination of human onchocerciasis: progress report, 2018\u20132019.","volume":"94","author":"World Health Organization","year":"2019","journal-title":"Weekly Epidemiological Record."},{"key":"pntd.0010079.ref006","first-page":"557","article-title":"Elimination of human onchocerciasis: progress report, 2020\u2014Elimination de l\u2019onchocercose humaine: rapport de situation, 2020.","volume":"96","author":"World Health Organization","year":"2021","journal-title":"Weekly Epidemiological Record."},{"key":"pntd.0010079.ref007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"325","DOI":"10.1186\/1756-3305-7-325","article-title":"The geographic distribution of Onchocerciasis in the 20 participating countries of the African programme for Onchocerciasis control: (1) priority areas for ivermectin treatment.","volume":"7","author":"M Noma","year":"2014","journal-title":"Parasit Vectors"},{"key":"pntd.0010079.ref008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"326","DOI":"10.1186\/1756-3305-7-326","article-title":"The geographic distribution of onchocerciasis in the 20 participating countries of the African Programme for Onchocerciasis control: (2) pre-control endemicity levels and estimated number infected.","volume":"7","author":"HG Zoure","year":"2014","journal-title":"Parasit Vectors"},{"key":"pntd.0010079.ref009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0004328","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0004328","article-title":"Model-Based Geostatistical Mapping of the Prevalence of Onchocerca volvulus in West Africa.","volume":"10","author":"SJ O\u2019Hanlon","year":"2016","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis."},{"key":"pntd.0010079.ref010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0003542","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0003542","article-title":"Managing the Fight against Onchocerciasis in Africa: APOC Experience.","volume":"9","author":"G Fobi","year":"2015","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"key":"pntd.0010079.ref011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2032","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0002032","article-title":"African Programme For Onchocerciasis Control 1995\u20132015: model-estimated health impact and cost.","volume":"7","author":"LE Coffeng","year":"2013","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis."},{"key":"pntd.0010079.ref012","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2759","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0002759","article-title":"African programme for onchocerciasis control 1995\u20132015: updated health impact estimates based on new disability weights.","volume":"8","author":"LE Coffeng","year":"2014","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"key":"pntd.0010079.ref013","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1186\/1475-2883-2-2","article-title":"Final report of the Conference on the eradicability of Onchocerciasis.","volume":"2","author":"Y Dadzie","year":"2003","journal-title":"Filaria J."},{"key":"pntd.0010079.ref014","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"272","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpddr.2016.04.002","article-title":"Research for new drugs for elimination of onchocerciasis in Africa","volume":"6","author":"AC Kuesel","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int J Parasitol Drugs Drug Resist"},{"key":"pntd.0010079.ref015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e497","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0000497","article-title":"Feasibility of onchocerciasis elimination with ivermectin treatment in endemic foci in Africa: first evidence from studies in Mali and Senegal.","volume":"3","author":"L Diawara","year":"2009","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"key":"pntd.0010079.ref016","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1825","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0001825","article-title":"Proof-of-principle of onchocerciasis elimination with ivermectin treatment in endemic foci in Africa: final results of a study in Mali and Senegal.","volume":"6","author":"MO Traore","year":"2012","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"key":"pntd.0010079.ref017","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"66","DOI":"10.1186\/s40249-016-0160-7","article-title":"Progress towards onchocerciasis elimination in the participating countries of the African Programme for Onchocerciasis Control: epidemiological evaluation results","volume":"5","author":"AH Tekle","year":"2016","journal-title":"Infect Dis Poverty"},{"key":"pntd.0010079.ref018","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2026","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/cix616","article-title":"The macrofilaricidal efficacy of repeated doses of ivermectin for the treatment of river blindness","volume":"65","author":"M Walker","year":"2017","journal-title":"Clinical Infectious Diseases"},{"key":"pntd.0010079.ref019","volume-title":"Accelerating work to overcome the global impact of neglected tropical diseases. A roadmap for implementation.","author":"World Health Organization","year":"2012"},{"key":"pntd.0010079.ref020","unstructured":"African Programme for Onchocerciasis Control (APOC). Final Communiqu\u00e9 of the 18th session of the Joint Action Forum (JAF18) of APOC. http:\/\/www.who.int\/apoc\/publications\/recommendations\/en\/index.html]; 2012."},{"key":"pntd.0010079.ref021","volume-title":"Ending the neglect to attain the sustainable development goals: a road map for neglected tropical diseases 2021\u20132030.","author":"World Health Organization","year":"2020"},{"key":"pntd.0010079.ref022","volume-title":"Report of the consultative meetings on strategic options and alternative treatment strategies for accelerating onchocerciasis elimination in Africa","author":"African Programme for Onchocerciasis Control (APOC)"},{"issue":"suppl_1","key":"pntd.0010079.ref023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"i40","DOI":"10.1093\/inthealth\/ihx054","article-title":"Alternative treatment strategies to accelerate the elimination of onchocerciasis","volume":"10","author":"M Boussinesq","year":"2018","journal-title":"International Health."},{"key":"pntd.0010079.ref024","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1009682","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1009682","article-title":"Development of emodepside as a possible adulticidal treatment for human onchocerciasis-The fruit of a successful industrial-academic collaboration","volume":"17","author":"J Krucken","year":"2021","journal-title":"PLoS Pathog"},{"key":"pntd.0010079.ref025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3939","DOI":"10.1007\/s00436-021-07307-4","article-title":"Onchocerciasis drug development: from preclinical models to humans","volume":"120","author":"A Ngwewondo","year":"2021","journal-title":"Parasitol Res"},{"key":"pntd.0010079.ref026","article-title":"Anti-Wolbachia drugs for filariasis","author":"KL Johnston","year":"2021","journal-title":"Trends Parasitol"},{"key":"pntd.0010079.ref027","first-page":"81","article-title":"Onchocerciasis Elimination: Progress and Challenges.","volume":"11","author":"T Lakwo","year":"2020","journal-title":"Res Rep Trop Med"},{"key":"pntd.0010079.ref028","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1047","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciaa1829","article-title":"Feasibility of Onchocerciasis Elimination Using a \"Test-and-not-treat\" Strategy in Loa loa Co-endemic Areas.","volume":"72","author":"DJ Blok","year":"2021","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"pntd.0010079.ref029","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100582","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2020.100582","article-title":"Individual risk of post-ivermectin serious adverse events in subjects infected with Loa loa.","volume":"28","author":"CB Chesnais","year":"2020","journal-title":"EClinicalMedicine."},{"key":"pntd.0010079.ref030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"i49","DOI":"10.1093\/inthealth\/ihx051","article-title":"Operationalization of the test and not treat strategy to accelerate the elimination of onchocerciasis and lymphatic filariasis in Central Africa.","volume":"10","author":"J Kamgno","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int Health."},{"key":"pntd.0010079.ref031","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2044","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1705026","article-title":"Test-and-Not-Treat Strategy for Onchocerciasis in Loa loa-Endemic Areas","volume":"377","author":"J Kamgno","year":"2017","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"pntd.0010079.ref032","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"574","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-019-3826-8","article-title":"Implementation of test-and-treat with doxycycline and temephos ground larviciding as alternative strategies for accelerating onchocerciasis elimination in an area of loiasis co-endemicity: the COUNTDOWN consortium multi-disciplinary study protocol.","volume":"12","author":"S Wanji","year":"2019","journal-title":"Parasit Vectors."},{"key":"pntd.0010079.ref033","first-page":"1","article-title":"Development of a recombinant vaccine against human onchocerciasis","author":"D Abraham","year":"2021","journal-title":"Expert Rev Vaccines"},{"key":"pntd.0010079.ref034","volume-title":"Report of an informal meeting assessing the feasibility of initiating the first Phase II study of moxidectin tablets in subjects infected with Onchocerca volvulus","author":"UNICEF\/UNDP\/World Bank\/WHO Special Programme for Research and Training in Tropical Diseases (TDR).","year":"2008"},{"key":"pntd.0010079.ref035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1108","DOI":"10.1177\/0091270003257456","article-title":"The antiparasitic moxidectin: safety, tolerability, and pharmacokinetics in humans","volume":"43","author":"MM Cotreau","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Clin Pharmacol"},{"key":"pntd.0010079.ref036","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"122","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.2012.11-0415","article-title":"The effect of a high-fat breakfast on the pharmacokinetics of moxidectin in healthy male subjects: a randomized phase I trial","volume":"86","author":"JM Korth-Bradley","year":"2012","journal-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg"},{"key":"pntd.0010079.ref037","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5200","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.00311-11","article-title":"Excretion of moxidectin into breast milk and pharmacokinetics in healthy lactating women","volume":"55","author":"JM Korth-Bradley","year":"2011","journal-title":"Antimicrob Agents Chemother"},{"key":"pntd.0010079.ref038","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.1177\/2160763X11432508","article-title":"Relative bioavailability of liquid and tablet formulations of the antiparasitic moxidectin","volume":"1","author":"JM Korth-Bradley","year":"2012","journal-title":"Clinical Pharmacology in Drug Development"},{"key":"pntd.0010079.ref039","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.1002\/cpdd.81","article-title":"Effect of moxidectin on CYP3A4 activity as evaluated by oral midazolam pharmacokinetics in healthy subjects","volume":"3","author":"JM Korth-Bradley","year":"2014","journal-title":"Clinical Pharmacology in Drug Development"},{"key":"pntd.0010079.ref040","article-title":"Evaluation of the Cardiac Safety of Long-Acting Endectocide Moxidectin in a Randomized Concentration-QT Study.","author":"SA Kinrade","year":"2018","journal-title":"Clin Transl Sci."},{"key":"pntd.0010079.ref041","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2953","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0002953","article-title":"A Randomized, Single-Ascending-Dose, Ivermectin-Controlled, Double-Blind Study of Moxidectin in Onchocerca volvulus Infection.","volume":"8","author":"K Awadzi","year":"2014","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis."},{"key":"pntd.0010079.ref042","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1207","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(17)32844-1","article-title":"Single dose moxidectin versus ivermectin for Onchocerca volvulus infection in Ghana, Liberia, and the Democratic Republic of the Congo: a randomised, controlled, double-blind phase 3 trial","volume":"392","author":"NO Opoku","year":"2018","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"pntd.0010079.ref043","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0006837","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0006837","article-title":"Creative use of the priority review voucher by public and not-for-profit actors delivers the first new FDA-approved treatment for river blindness in 20 years.","volume":"12","author":"PL Olliaro","year":"2018","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis."},{"key":"pntd.0010079.ref044","first-page":"667","article-title":"A force-of-infection model for onchocerciasis and its applications in the epidemiological evaluation of the Onchocerciasis Control Programme in the Volta River basin area","volume":"64","author":"J Remme","year":"1986","journal-title":"Bull World Health Organ"},{"key":"pntd.0010079.ref045","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"231","DOI":"10.1179\/000349804225003253","article-title":"An investigation of persistent microfilaridermias despite multiple treatments with ivermectin, in two onchocerciasis-endemic foci in Ghana","volume":"98","author":"K Awadzi","year":"2004","journal-title":"Ann Trop Med Parasitol"},{"key":"pntd.0010079.ref046","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"310","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(08)70099-9","article-title":"Effect of single-dose ivermectin on Onchocerca volvulus: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"8","author":"MG Basanez","year":"2008","journal-title":"Lancet Infect Dis"},{"key":"pntd.0010079.ref047","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"359","DOI":"10.1179\/000349804225003442","article-title":"Thirty-month follow-up of sub-optimal responders to multiple treatments with ivermectin, in two onchocerciasis-endemic foci in Ghana","volume":"98","author":"K Awadzi","year":"2004","journal-title":"Ann Trop Med Parasitol"},{"key":"pntd.0010079.ref048","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"343","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-016-1605-3","article-title":"Modelling Neglected Tropical Diseases diagnostics: the sensitivity of skin snips for Onchocerca volvulus in near elimination and surveillance settings.","volume":"9","author":"C Bottomley","year":"2016","journal-title":"Parasit Vectors."},{"key":"pntd.0010079.ref049","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2084","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0002084","article-title":"Dynamics of Onchocerca volvulus Microfilarial Densities after Ivermectin Treatment in an Ivermectin-naive and a Multiply Treated Population from Cameroon.","volume":"7","author":"SD Pion","year":"2013","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"key":"pntd.0010079.ref050","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"552","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-015-1159-9","article-title":"Required duration of mass ivermectin treatment for onchocerciasis elimination in Africa: a comparative modelling analysis.","volume":"8","author":"WA Stolk","year":"2015","journal-title":"Parasit Vectors"},{"key":"pntd.0010079.ref051","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"247","DOI":"10.1016\/bs.apar.2016.08.003","article-title":"River Blindness: Mathematical Models for Control and Elimination.","volume":"94","author":"MG Basanez","year":"2016","journal-title":"Adv Parasitol."},{"key":"pntd.0010079.ref052","volume-title":"Report of the Onchocerciasis Chemotherapy Project, with a plan for the continuation of research on a macrofilaricide during the period 1992\u20131997.","author":"World Health Organization & Onchocerciasis Control Programme in West Africa","year":"1990"},{"key":"pntd.0010079.ref053","volume-title":"Onchocerciasis chemotherapy project. Onchocerciasis Control Programme in West Africa.","author":"World Health Organization, Onchocerciasis Control Programme in West Africa","year":"1992"},{"key":"pntd.0010079.ref054","volume-title":"Progress report of the onchocerciasis chemotherapy project: OCT\/macrofil for 1991.","author":"World Health Organization, Onchocerciasis Control Programme in West Africa","year":"1991"},{"key":"pntd.0010079.ref055","first-page":"136","volume-title":"Needs in Developing Countries: Onchocerciasis and surveillance for resistance to Ivermectin","author":"K. Awadzi","year":"1994"},{"key":"pntd.0010079.ref056","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1016\/S0924-4204(99)80024-9","article-title":"La r\u00e9sistance de Onchocerca volvulus \u00e0 l\u2019ivermectine: une \u00e9ventualit\u00e9 \u00e0 consid\u00e9rer.","volume":"10","author":"M Boussinesq","year":"1999","journal-title":"Annales de l\u2019Institut Pasteur."},{"key":"pntd.0010079.ref057","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2021","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(07)60942-8","article-title":"Prevalence and intensity of Onchocerca volvulus infection and efficacy of ivermectin in endemic communities in Ghana: a two-phase epidemiological study","volume":"369","author":"MY Osei-Atweneboana","year":"2007","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"pntd.0010079.ref058","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e998","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0000998","article-title":"Phenotypic Evidence of Emerging Ivermectin Resistance in Onchocerca volvulus.","volume":"5","author":"MY Osei-Atweneboana","year":"2011","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis."},{"key":"pntd.0010079.ref059","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1338","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciw144","article-title":"Does Increasing Treatment Frequency Address Suboptimal Responses to Ivermectin for the Control and Elimination of River Blindness?","volume":"62","author":"KK Frempong","year":"2016","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"issue":"Suppl 1:","key":"pntd.0010079.ref060","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S91","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2010.05.004","article-title":"Individual host factors associated with Onchocerca volvulus microfilarial densities 15, 80 and 180 days after a first dose of ivermectin.","volume":"120","author":"SD Pion","year":"2011","journal-title":"Acta Trop"},{"key":"pntd.0010079.ref061","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"714","DOI":"10.1086\/367709","article-title":"Immune responses directed against microfilariae correlate with severity of clinical onchodermatitis and treatment history","volume":"187","author":"MM Ali","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"key":"pntd.0010079.ref062","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1016\/S0001-706X(02)00117-1","article-title":"Immunocompetence may be important in the effectiveness of Mectizan (ivermectin) in the treatment of human onchocerciasis.","volume":"84","author":"MM Ali","year":"2002","journal-title":"Acta Trop"},{"key":"pntd.0010079.ref063","first-page":"27","article-title":"Observations on the reproductive biology of Onchocerca volvulus","volume":"59","author":"H. Schulz-Key","year":"1990","journal-title":"Acta Leiden"},{"key":"pntd.0010079.ref064","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"134","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpddr.2012.04.001","article-title":"Moxidectin and the avermectins: Consanguinity but not identity","volume":"2","author":"R Prichard","year":"2012","journal-title":"Int J Parasitol Drugs Drug Resist"},{"key":"pntd.0010079.ref065","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"241","DOI":"10.1186\/1756-3305-7-241","article-title":"Modelling the impact of ivermectin on River Blindness and its burden of morbidity and mortality in African Savannah: EpiOncho projections.","volume":"7","author":"HC Turner","year":"2014","journal-title":"Parasit Vectors."},{"key":"pntd.0010079.ref066","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0005816","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0005816","article-title":"Genome-wide analysis of ivermectin response by Onchocerca volvulus reveals that genetic drift and soft selective sweeps contribute to loss of drug sensitivity.","volume":"11","author":"SR Doyle","year":"2017","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"key":"pntd.0010079.ref067","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1282","DOI":"10.3389\/fgene.2019.01282","article-title":"Genomic Epidemiology in Filarial Nematodes: Transforming the Basis for Elimination Program Decisions.","volume":"10","author":"SM Hedtke","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front Genet."},{"key":"pntd.0010079.ref068","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16716","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0906176106","article-title":"Identifying sub-optimal responses to ivermectin in the treatment of River Blindness","volume":"106","author":"TS Churcher","year":"2009","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"key":"pntd.0010079.ref069","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(02)09456-4","article-title":"Effects of standard and high doses of ivermectin on adult worms of Onchocerca volvulus: a randomised controlled trial","volume":"360","author":"J Gardon","year":"2002","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"pntd.0010079.ref070","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2824","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0002824","article-title":"Reproductive status of Onchocerca volvulus after ivermectin treatment in an ivermectin-naive and a frequently treated population from Cameroon.","volume":"8","author":"HC Nana-Djeunga","year":"2014","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"key":"pntd.0010079.ref071","first-page":"345","article-title":"Studies on the reinvasion of the Onchocerciasis Control Programme in the Volta River Basin by Simulium damnosum s.I. with emphasis on the south-western areas","volume":"30","author":"R Garms","year":"1979","journal-title":"Tropenmed Parasitol"},{"key":"pntd.0010079.ref072","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"731","DOI":"10.1098\/rstb.1990.0141","article-title":"in controlling the reinvasion of windborne vectors into the western area of the Onchocerciasis Control Programme in West Africa","volume":"328","author":"RH Baker","year":"1990","journal-title":"Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci"},{"key":"pntd.0010079.ref073","volume-title":"Twenty years of onchocerciasis control in West Africa: review of the work of the Onchocerciasis Control Programme in West Africa from 1974\u20131994.","author":"World Health Organization, Onchocerciasis Control Programme in West Africa","year":"1997"},{"key":"pntd.0010079.ref074","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"277","DOI":"10.1098\/rstb.1979.0061","article-title":"Displacements of Simulium damnosum and strategy of control against onchocerciasis","volume":"287","author":"BR Le","year":"1979","journal-title":"Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci"},{"key":"pntd.0010079.ref075","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"96","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2016.11.003","article-title":"Recrudescence of onchocerciasis in the Comoe valley in Southwest Burkina Faso","volume":"166","author":"L Koala","year":"2017","journal-title":"Acta Trop"},{"key":"pntd.0010079.ref076","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-019-3290-5","article-title":"Entomological assessment of the transmission following recrudescence of onchocerciasis in the Comoe Valley, Burkina Faso.","volume":"12","author":"L Koala","year":"2019","journal-title":"Parasit Vectors"},{"key":"pntd.0010079.ref077","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-015-0779-4","article-title":"The potential impact of moxidectin on onchocerciasis elimination in Africa: an economic evaluation based on the Phase II clinical trial data.","volume":"8","author":"HC Turner","year":"2015","journal-title":"Parasit Vectors"},{"key":"pntd.0010079.ref078","volume-title":"WHO handbook for guideline development","author":"World Health Organization","year":"2014","edition":"2"},{"key":"pntd.0010079.ref079","article-title":"Efficacy of moxidectin versus ivermectin against Strongyloides stercoralis infections: a randomized controlled non-inferiority trial","author":"B Barda","year":"2017","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"pntd.0010079.ref080","article-title":"Efficacy and safety of ascending doses of moxidectin against Strongyloides stercoralis infections in adults: a randomised, parallel-group, single-blinded, placebo-controlled, dose-ranging, phase 2a trial","author":"D Hofmann","year":"2021","journal-title":"Lancet Infect Dis"},{"key":"pntd.0010079.ref081","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"864","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(18)30233-0","article-title":"Efficacy and tolerability of moxidectin alone and in co-administration with albendazole and tribendimidine versus albendazole plus oxantel pamoate against Trichuris trichiura infections: a randomised, non-inferiority, single-blind trial","volume":"18","author":"B Barda","year":"2018","journal-title":"Lancet Infect Dis"},{"key":"pntd.0010079.ref082","first-page":"1193","article-title":"Efficacy and Safety of Ascending Dosages of Moxidectin and Moxidectin-albendazole Against Trichuris trichiura in Adolescents: A Randomized Controlled Trial","volume":"70","author":"L Keller","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"}],"updated-by":[{"DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0010079","type":"new_version","label":"New version","source":"publisher","updated":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,9]],"date-time":"2022-05-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1652054400000}}],"container-title":["PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pntd.0010079","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,9]],"date-time":"2022-05-09T13:49:45Z","timestamp":1652104185000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pntd.0010079"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Sabine","family":"Specht","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"editor"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,27]]},"references-count":82,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,27]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pntd.0010079","relation":{"has-preprint":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.1101\/2022.02.22.22271335","asserted-by":"object"}]},"ISSN":["1935-2735"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1935-2735","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,27]]}}}