{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,28]],"date-time":"2026-02-28T00:44:16Z","timestamp":1772239456061,"version":"3.50.1"},"update-to":[{"DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0010151","type":"new_version","label":"New version","source":"publisher","updated":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,3]],"date-time":"2022-02-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1643846400000}}],"reference-count":72,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,24]],"date-time":"2022-01-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1642982400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000925","name":"National Health and Medical Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["1037304"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1037304"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000925","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000925","name":"National Health and Medical Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["1117504"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1117504"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000925","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Australian Institute of Tropical Health and Medicine"},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004587","name":"Instituto de Salud Carlos III","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["CP17III\/00002"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CP17III\/00002"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004587","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosntds.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS Negl Trop Dis"],"abstract":"<jats:p><jats:italic>Schistosoma haematobium<\/jats:italic> is the leading cause of urogenital schistosomiasis and it is recognised as a class 1 carcinogen due to the robust association of infection with bladder cancer. In schistosomes, tetraspanins (TSPs) are abundantly present in different parasite proteomes and could be potential diagnostic candidates due to their accessibility to the host immune system. The large extracellular loops of six TSPs from the secretome (including the soluble excretory\/secretory products, tegument and extracellular vesicles) of <jats:italic>S<\/jats:italic>. <jats:italic>haematobium<\/jats:italic> (<jats:italic>Sh<\/jats:italic>-TSP-2, <jats:italic>Sh<\/jats:italic>-TSP-4, <jats:italic>Sh<\/jats:italic>-TSP-5, <jats:italic>Sh<\/jats:italic>-TSP-6, <jats:italic>Sh<\/jats:italic>-TSP-18 and <jats:italic>Sh<\/jats:italic>-TSP-23) were expressed in a bacterial expression system and polyclonal antibodies were raised to the recombinant proteins to confirm the anatomical sites of expression within the parasite. <jats:italic>Sh<\/jats:italic>-TSP-2, and <jats:italic>Sh<\/jats:italic>-TSP-18 were identified on the tegument, whereas <jats:italic>Sh<\/jats:italic>-TSP-4, <jats:italic>Sh<\/jats:italic>-TSP-5, <jats:italic>Sh<\/jats:italic>-TSP-6 and <jats:italic>Sh<\/jats:italic>-TSP-23 were identified both on the tegument and internal tissues of adult parasites. The mRNAs encoding these TSPs were differentially expressed throughout all schistosome developmental stages tested. The potential diagnostic value of three of these <jats:italic>Sh<\/jats:italic>-TSPs was assessed using the urine of individuals (stratified by infection intensity) from an endemic area of Zimbabwe. The three <jats:italic>Sh<\/jats:italic>-TSPs were the targets of urine IgG responses in all cohorts, including individuals with very low levels of infection (those positive for circulating anodic antigen but negative for eggs by microscopy). This study provides new antigen candidates to immunologically diagnose <jats:italic>S<\/jats:italic>. <jats:italic>haematobium<\/jats:italic> infection, and the work presented here provides compelling evidence for the use of a biomarker signature to enhance the diagnostic capability of these tetraspanins.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0010151","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,24]],"date-time":"2022-01-24T18:39:17Z","timestamp":1643049557000},"page":"e0010151","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pntd.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":17,"title":["Characterisation of tetraspanins from Schistosoma haematobium and evaluation of their potential as novel diagnostic markers"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Gebeyaw G.","family":"Mekonnen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Bemnet A.","family":"Tedla","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0002-1544","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Mark S.","family":"Pearson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Luke","family":"Becker","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Matt","family":"Field","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Abena S.","family":"Amoah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Govert","family":"van Dam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0004-0526","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Paul L. 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