{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,27]],"date-time":"2026-02-27T08:04:21Z","timestamp":1772179461588,"version":"3.50.1"},"update-to":[{"DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0010155","type":"new_version","label":"New version","source":"publisher","updated":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,9]],"date-time":"2022-09-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1662681600000}}],"reference-count":58,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,29]],"date-time":"2022-08-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1661731200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000066","name":"National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["T32 ES015459-09"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["T32 ES015459-09"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000066","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosntds.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS Negl Trop Dis"],"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Domestic and wild animals are important reservoirs of the\n                    <jats:italic>rhodesiense<\/jats:italic>\n                    form of human African trypanosomiasis (rHAT), however quantification of this effect offers utility for deploying non-medical control activities, and anticipating their success when wildlife are excluded. Further, the uncertain role of animal reservoirs\u2014particularly pigs\u2014threatens elimination of transmission (EOT) targets set for the\n                    <jats:italic>gambiense<\/jats:italic>\n                    form (gHAT). Using a new time series of high-resolution cattle and pig density maps, HAT surveillance data collated by the WHO Atlas of HAT, and methods drawn from causal inference and spatial epidemiology, we conducted a retrospective ecological cohort study in Uganda, Malawi, Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC) and South Sudan to estimate the effect of cattle and pig density on HAT risk.\n                  <\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>For rHAT, we found a positive effect for cattle (RR 1.61, 95% CI 0.90, 2.99) and pigs (RR 2.07, 95% CI 1.15, 2.75) in Uganda, and a negative effect for cattle (RR 0.88, 95% CI 0.71, 1.10) and pigs (RR 0.42, 95% CI 0.23, 0.67) in Malawi. For gHAT we found a negative effect for cattle in Uganda (RR 0.88, 95% CI 0.50, 1.77) and South Sudan (RR 0.63, 95% CI 0.54, 0.77) but a positive effect in DRC (1.17, 95% CI 1.04, 1.32). For pigs, we found a positive gHAT effect in both Uganda (RR 2.02, 95% CI 0.87, 3.94) and DRC (RR 1.23, 95% CI 1.10, 1.37), and a negative association in South Sudan (RR 0.66, 95% CI 0.50, 0.98). These effects did not reach significance for the cattle-rHAT effect in Uganda or Malawi, or the cattle-gHAT and pig-gHAT effects in Uganda.<\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>While ecological bias may drive the findings in South Sudan, estimated E-values and simulation studies suggest unmeasured confounding and underreporting are unlikely to explain our findings in Malawi, Uganda, and DRC. Our results suggest cattle and pigs may be important reservoirs of rHAT in Uganda but not Malawi, and that pigs\u2014and possibly cattle\u2014may be gHAT reservoirs.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0010155","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,29]],"date-time":"2022-08-29T13:48:47Z","timestamp":1661780927000},"page":"e0010155","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pntd.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["The effect of livestock density on Trypanosoma brucei gambiense and T. b. rhodesiense: A causal inference-based approach"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7477-6598","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Julianne","family":"Meisner","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Agapitus","family":"Kato","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Marshal Msanyama","family":"Lemerani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Erick","family":"Mwamba Miaka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Acaga","family":"Ismail Taban","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jonathan","family":"Wakefield","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ali","family":"Rowhani-Rahbar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"David M.","family":"Pigott","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jonathan D.","family":"Mayer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Peter M.","family":"Rabinowitz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,29]]},"reference":[{"issue":"5","key":"pntd.0010155.ref001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0008261","article-title":"Monitoring the elimination of human African trypanosomiasis at continental and country level: Update to 2018","volume":"14","author":"JR Franco","year":"2020","journal-title":"PLoS Neglected Tropical Diseases"},{"key":"pntd.0010155.ref002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"550","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-015-1121-x","article-title":"Evaluating long-term effectiveness of sleeping sickness control measures in Guinea","volume":"8","author":"A Pandey","year":"2015","journal-title":"Parasites and Vectors"},{"issue":"12","key":"pntd.0010155.ref003","first-page":"792","article-title":"Duration of symptoms and case fatality of sleeping sickness caused by Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense in Tororo, Uganda","volume":"74","author":"M Odiit","year":"1997","journal-title":"East African Medical Journal"},{"issue":"625-628","key":"pntd.0010155.ref004","article-title":"The origins of a new Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense sleeping sickness outbreak in eastern Uganda","volume":"358","author":"EM Fevre","year":"2001","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"pntd.0010155.ref005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"281","DOI":"10.1186\/1756-3305-6-281","article-title":"Cattle movements and trypanosomes: restocking efforts and the spread of Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense sleeping sickness in post-conflict Uganda","volume":"6","author":"R Selby","year":"2013","journal-title":"Parasites and Vectors"},{"key":"pntd.0010155.ref006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1238","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.331.7527.1238","article-title":"Sleeping sickness in Uganda: a thin line between two fatal diseases","volume":"331","author":"K Picozzi","year":"2005","journal-title":"Briths Medical Journal"},{"issue":"4","key":"pntd.0010155.ref007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"567","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1004.020626","article-title":"Reanalyzing the 1900-1920 sleeping sickness epidemic in Uganda","volume":"10","author":"EM Fevre","year":"2004","journal-title":"Emerging Infectious Diseases"},{"key":"pntd.0010155.ref008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"216","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2016.08.022","article-title":"Impact of mass chemotherapy in domestic livestock for control of zoonotic T. b. rhodesiense human African trypanosomiasis in Eastern Uganda","volume":"165","author":"J Fyfe","year":"2017","journal-title":"Acta Tropica"},{"key":"pntd.0010155.ref009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"322","DOI":"10.1186\/1756-3305-6-322","article-title":"Domestic pigs as potential reservoirs of human and animal trypanosomiasis in northern Tanzania","volume":"6","author":"LC Hamill","year":"2013","journal-title":"Parasites and Vectors"},{"key":"pntd.0010155.ref010","first-page":"1","article-title":"Diversity of human African trypanosomiasis epidemiological settings requires fine-tuning control strategies to facilitate disease elimination","volume":"4","author":"PP Simarro","year":"2013","journal-title":"Research and Reports in Tropical Medicine"},{"issue":"1","key":"pntd.0010155.ref011","first-page":"1","article-title":"Quantitative evaluation of the strategy to eliminate human African trypanosomiasis in the Democratic Republic of Congo","volume":"8","author":"KS Rock","year":"2015","journal-title":"Parasites and Vectors"},{"issue":"9","key":"pntd.0010155.ref012","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"840","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-3156.2005.01470.x","article-title":"Quantifying the level of under-detection of Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense sleeping sickness cases","volume":"10","author":"M Odiit","year":"2005","journal-title":"Trop Med Int Health"},{"key":"pntd.0010155.ref013","unstructured":"Fexinidazole for T.b. rhodesiense. DNDi;. Available from: https:\/\/dndi.org\/research-development\/portfolio\/fexinidazole-tb-rhodesiense\/."},{"issue":"5","key":"pntd.0010155.ref014","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"242","DOI":"10.1179\/2047773213Y.0000000105","article-title":"A current analysis of chemotherapy strategies for the treatment of human African trypanosomiasis","volume":"107","author":"P Babokhov","year":"2013","journal-title":"Pathogens and Global Health"},{"issue":"10","key":"pntd.0010155.ref015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1686","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1810.111213","article-title":"Trypanososma brucei rhodesiense sleeping sickness, Uganda","volume":"18","author":"L Berrang-Ford","year":"2012","journal-title":"Emerg Infect Dis"},{"issue":"3","key":"pntd.0010155.ref016","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pt.2017.11.008","article-title":"Do Cryptic Reservoirs Threaten Gambiense-Sleeping Sickness Elimination?","volume":"34","author":"P Buscher","year":"2018","journal-title":"Trends Parasitol"},{"key":"pntd.0010155.ref017","article-title":"Implications of Heterogeneous Biting Exposure and Animal Hosts on Trypanosomiasis brucei gambiense Transmission and Control","author":"CM Stone","year":"2015","journal-title":"PLoS Comp Bio"},{"issue":"1","key":"pntd.0010155.ref018","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1002855","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pcbi.1002855","article-title":"Identifying transmission cycles at the human-animal interface: the role of animal reservoirs in maintaining gambiense human African trypanosomiasis","volume":"9","author":"S Funk","year":"2013","journal-title":"PLoS Comput Biol"},{"issue":"Pt 6","key":"pntd.0010155.ref019","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"693","DOI":"10.1017\/S0031182004005876","article-title":"Mixed infections of trypanosomes in tsetse and pigs and their epidemiological significance in a sleeping sickness focus of C\u00f4te d\u2019Ivoire","volume":"129","author":"V Jamonneau","year":"2004","journal-title":"Parasitology"},{"issue":"10","key":"pntd.0010155.ref020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0005993","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0005993","article-title":"The study of trypanosome species circulating in domestic animals in two human African trypanosomiasis foci of C\u00f4te d\u2019Ivoire identifies pigs and cattle as potential reservoirs of Trypanosoma brucei gambiense","volume":"11","author":"MK N\u2019Djetchi","year":"2017","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"issue":"3","key":"pntd.0010155.ref021","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"917","DOI":"10.1111\/rssb.12194","article-title":"Mediation analysis with time varying exposures and mediators","volume":"79","author":"TJ VanderWeele","year":"2017","journal-title":"J R Stat Soc Series B Stat Methodol"},{"issue":"5","key":"pntd.0010155.ref022","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0005585","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0005585","article-title":"Monitoring the elimination of human African trypanosomiasis: Update to 2014","volume":"11","author":"JR Franco","year":"2017","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"issue":"6","key":"pntd.0010155.ref023","first-page":"1887","article-title":"Robust causal inference using directed acyclic graphs: the R package\u2019dagitty\u2019","volume":"45","author":"J Textor","year":"2016","journal-title":"International Journal of Epidemiology"},{"key":"pntd.0010155.ref024","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13310","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-022-16118-1","article-title":"A time-series approach to mapping livestock density using household survey data","volume":"12","author":"J Meisner","year":"2022","journal-title":"Scientific Reports"},{"key":"pntd.0010155.ref025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gilbert M, Nicolas G, Cinardi G, Van Boeckel TB, Vanwambeke SO, Wint GR, et al. Global cattle distribution in 2010 (5 minutes of arc); 2018. Available from: https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7910\/DVN\/GIVQ75.","DOI":"10.1038\/sdata.2018.227"},{"key":"pntd.0010155.ref026","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gilbert M, Nicolas G, Cinardi G, Van Boeckel TB, Vanwambeke SO, Wint GR, et al. Global pigs distribution in 2010 (5 minutes of arc); 2018. Available from: https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7910\/DVN\/33N0JG.","DOI":"10.1038\/sdata.2018.227"},{"issue":"2","key":"pntd.0010155.ref027","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e31743","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0031743","article-title":"Population distribution, settlement patterns and accessibility across Africa in 2010","volume":"7","author":"C Linard","year":"2012","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"2","key":"pntd.0010155.ref028","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0107042","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0107042","article-title":"Disaggregating census data for population mapping using random forests with remote-sensed and ancillary data","volume":"10","author":"FR Stevens","year":"2015","journal-title":"PLOS ONE"},{"issue":"57","key":"pntd.0010155.ref029","article-title":"The Atlas of human African trypanosomiasis: a contribution to global mapping of neglected tropical diseases","volume":"9","author":"PP Simarro","year":"2010","journal-title":"Int J Health Geogr"},{"key":"pntd.0010155.ref030","unstructured":"Rutsein SO, Kiersten J. The DHS Wealth Index. DHS Comparative Reports No. 6; 2004. Calverton, Maryland, USA: ORC Macro. Available from: https:\/\/www.dhsprogram.com\/topics\/wealth-index\/Wealth-Index-Construction.cfm."},{"key":"pntd.0010155.ref031","unstructured":"Guha-Sapir D, Below R, Hoyois P. EM-DAT: The CRED\/OFDA International Disaster Database;. Universite Catholique de Louvain\u2014Brussels\u2014Belgium. Available from: http:\/\/www.emdat.be."},{"key":"pntd.0010155.ref032","unstructured":"LAADS DAAC. Products N_19AVH13C1, N_18AVH13C1, and N_16AVH13C1;. Available from: https:\/\/ladsweb.modaps.eosdis.nasa.gov."},{"key":"pntd.0010155.ref033","unstructured":"Hulley G, Hook S. MOD21A2 MODIS\/Terra Land Surface Temperature\/3-Band Emissivity 8-Day L3 Global 1km SIN Grid V006; 2017. NASA EOSDIS Land Processes DAAC. Available from: https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5067\/MODIS\/MOD21A2.006."},{"key":"pntd.0010155.ref034","unstructured":"Hulley G. MYD21A2N MODIS\/Aqua Land Surface Temperature\/3-Band Emissivity 8-Day L3 Global 1km SIN Grid V006 [Data set]; 2017. NASA EOSDIS Land Processes DAAC. Available from: https:\/\/lpdaac.usgs.gov\/products\/myd21a2v006\/."},{"key":"pntd.0010155.ref035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Danielson JJ, Gesch DB. Global multi-resolution terrain elevation data 2010 (GMTED2010); 2011. U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2011-1073, 26 p. Available from: https:\/\/www.usgs.gov\/land-resources\/eros\/coastal-changes-and-impacts\/gmted2010.","DOI":"10.3133\/ofr20111073"},{"issue":"410","key":"pntd.0010155.ref036","article-title":"Estimating the impact of Tiny Targets in reducing the incidence of Gambian sleeping sickness in the North-west Uganda focus","volume":"14","author":"PR Bessell","year":"2021","journal-title":"Parasites Vectors"},{"issue":"167","key":"pntd.0010155.ref037","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"268","DOI":"10.7326\/M16-2607","article-title":"Sensitivity analysis in observational research: introducing the E-value","volume":"4","author":"TJ VanderWeele","year":"2017","journal-title":"Annals of Internal Medicine"},{"issue":"29","key":"pntd.0010155.ref038","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e45","DOI":"10.1097\/EDE.0000000000000864","article-title":"Website and R package for computing E-values","volume":"6","author":"MB Mathur","year":"2018","journal-title":"Epidemiology"},{"key":"pntd.0010155.ref039","volume-title":"Estimation of the causal effects of time-varying exposures","author":"JM Robins","year":"2009"},{"issue":"4","key":"pntd.0010155.ref040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"829","DOI":"10.1093\/biomet\/asw047","article-title":"On inverse probability-weighted estimators in the presence of interference","volume":"103","author":"L Liu","year":"2016","journal-title":"Biometrika"},{"key":"pntd.0010155.ref041","unstructured":"Saul BC, Hudgens MG, Mallin MA. Upstream Causes of Downstream Effects. ArXiv e-prints. 2017;."},{"key":"pntd.0010155.ref042","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1186\/s13570-019-0150-z","article-title":"Livestock mobility in sub-Saharan Africa: A critical review","volume":"9","author":"MD Turner","year":"2019","journal-title":"Pastoralism"},{"issue":"10","key":"pntd.0010155.ref043","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1360","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0001360","article-title":"Is the even distribution of insecticide-treated cattle essential for tsetse control? Modelling the impact of baits in heterogeneous environments","volume":"5","author":"SJ Torr","year":"2011","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"issue":"19","key":"pntd.0010155.ref044","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.18637\/jss.v063.i19","article-title":"Bayesian Spatial Modelling with R-INLA","volume":"63","author":"F Lindgren","year":"2015","journal-title":"Journal of Statistical Software"},{"issue":"1","key":"pntd.0010155.ref045","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1214\/16-STS576","article-title":"Penalising Model Component Complexity: A Principled, Practical Approach to Constructing Priors","volume":"32","author":"D Simpson","year":"2017","journal-title":"Stat Sci"},{"issue":"525","key":"pntd.0010155.ref046","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"445","DOI":"10.1080\/01621459.2017.1415907","article-title":"Constructing Priors that Penalize the Complexity of Gaussian Random Fields","volume":"114","author":"GA Fuglstad","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Am Stat Assoc"},{"key":"pntd.0010155.ref047","unstructured":"Global Administrative Areas. GADM database of Global Administrative Areas, version 4.1; 2022. Available from: https:\/\/geodata.ucdavis.edu\/gadm\/gadm4.1\/shp\/."},{"issue":"1","key":"pntd.0010155.ref048","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2006.06.005","article-title":"Glossina fuscipes fuscipes in the trypanosomiasis endemic areas of south eastern Uganda: apparent density, trypanosome infection rates and host feeding preferences","volume":"99","author":"C Waiswa","year":"2006","journal-title":"Acta Tropica"},{"key":"pntd.0010155.ref049","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"230","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2016.05.009","article-title":"Factors influencing passive surveillance for T. b. rhodesiense human African trypanosomiasis in Uganda","volume":"165","author":"C Acup","year":"2017","journal-title":"Acta Tropica"},{"issue":"2","key":"pntd.0010155.ref050","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"354","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1602.090967","article-title":"Human African Trypanosomiasis in areas without surveillance","volume":"16","author":"F Chappuis","year":"2010","journal-title":"Emerging Infectious Diseases"},{"issue":"1","key":"pntd.0010155.ref051","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0005162","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0005162","article-title":"Predicting the Impact of Intervention Strategies for Sleeping Sickness in Two High-Endemicity Health Zones of the Democratic Republic of Congo","volume":"11","author":"KS Rock","year":"2017","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"issue":"1","key":"pntd.0010155.ref052","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"269","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/18.1.269","article-title":"Ecological Bias, Confounding, and Effect Modification","volume":"18","author":"S Greenland","year":"1989","journal-title":"International Journal of Epidemiology"},{"key":"pntd.0010155.ref053","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.aje.a117069","article-title":"Invited commentary: ecological studies\u2013 biases, misconceptions, and counterexamples","volume":"139","author":"S Greenland","year":"1994","journal-title":"Am J Epidemiol"},{"issue":"8","key":"pntd.0010155.ref054","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"769","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.aje.a117072","article-title":"Accepting the limits of ecologic studies: Drs. Greenland and Robins reply to Drs. Piantadosi and Cohen","volume":"139","author":"S Greenland","year":"1994","journal-title":"Am J Epidemiol"},{"issue":"17","key":"pntd.0010155.ref055","article-title":"Bias magnification in ecologic studies: a methodological investigation","volume":"6","author":"TF Webster","year":"2007","journal-title":"Environ Health"},{"key":"pntd.0010155.ref056","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1343","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/30.6.1343","article-title":"Ecologic versus individual-level sources of bias in ecological estimates of contextual health effects","volume":"30","author":"S Greenland","year":"2001","journal-title":"International Journal of Epidemiology"},{"issue":"3","key":"pntd.0010155.ref057","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"351","DOI":"10.2307\/2087176","article-title":"Ecological correlations and the behavior of individuals","volume":"15","author":"WS Robinson","year":"1950","journal-title":"American Sociological Review"},{"key":"pntd.0010155.ref058","volume-title":"Causal Inference: What If","author":"MA Hernan","year":"2020"}],"updated-by":[{"DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0010155","type":"new_version","label":"New version","source":"publisher","updated":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,9]],"date-time":"2022-09-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1662681600000}}],"container-title":["PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pntd.0010155","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,9]],"date-time":"2022-09-09T17:10:33Z","timestamp":1662743433000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pntd.0010155"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Philippe","family":"B\u00fcscher","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"editor","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,29]]},"references-count":58,"journal-issue":{"issue":"8","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,29]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pntd.0010155","relation":{"has-preprint":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.1101\/2022.01.13.22268995","asserted-by":"object"}]},"ISSN":["1935-2735"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1935-2735","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,29]]}}}