{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,25]],"date-time":"2026-09-25T00:11:32Z","timestamp":1790295092155,"version":"4.1.0"},"update-to":[{"DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0010162","type":"new_version","label":"New version","source":"publisher","updated":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,9]],"date-time":"2022-02-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1644364800000}}],"reference-count":64,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,28]],"date-time":"2022-01-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1643328000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100003024","name":"International Society for Infectious Diseases","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100003024","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001773","name":"UNSW Sydney","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["Scientia PhD Scholarship"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Scientia PhD Scholarship"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001773","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosntds.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS Negl Trop Dis"],"abstract":"<jats:p>American Tegumentary Leishmaniasis (ATL) is an endemic and neglected disease of South America. Here, mucosal leishmaniasis (ML) disproportionately affects up to 20% of subjects with current or previous localised cutaneous leishmaniasis (LCL). Preclinical and clinical reports have implicated the Leishmania RNA virus-1 (LRV1) as a possible determinant of progression to ML and other severe manifestations such as extensive cutaneous and mucosal disease and treatment failure and relapse. However, these associations were not consistently found in other observational studies and are exclusively based on cross-sectional designs. In the present study, 56 subjects with confirmed ATL were assessed and followed out for 24-months post-treatment. Lesion biopsy specimens were processed for molecular detection and quantification of <jats:italic>Leishmania<\/jats:italic> parasites, species identification, and LRV1 detection. Among individuals presenting LRV1 positive lesions, 40% harboured metastatic phenotypes; comparatively 58.1% of patients with LRV1 negative lesions harboured metastatic phenotypes (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> = 0.299). We found treatment failure (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> = 0.575) and frequency of severe metastatic phenotypes (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> = 0.667) to be similarly independent of the LRV1. Parasite loads did not differ according to the LRV1 status (p = 0.330), nor did Leishmanin skin induration size (p = 0.907) or histopathologic patterns (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> = 0.780). This study did not find clinical, parasitological, or immunological evidence supporting the hypothesis that LRV1 is a significant determinant of the pathobiology of ATL.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0010162","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,28]],"date-time":"2022-01-28T18:36:01Z","timestamp":1643394961000},"page":"e0010162","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pntd.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":17,"title":["Leishmania RNA virus-1 is similarly detected among metastatic and non-metastatic phenotypes in a prospective cohort of American Tegumentary Leishmaniasis"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6741-3908","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Braulio Mark","family":"Valencia","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rachel","family":"Lau","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ruwandi","family":"Kariyawasam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marlene","family":"Jara","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ana Pilar","family":"Ramos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mathilde","family":"Chantry","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Justin T.","family":"Lana","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andrea K.","family":"Boggild","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alejandro","family":"Llanos-Cuentas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,28]]},"reference":[{"issue":"5","key":"pntd.0010162.ref001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e35671","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0035671","article-title":"Leishmaniasis worldwide and global estimates of its incidence.","volume":"7","author":"J Alvar","year":"2012","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"9","key":"pntd.0010162.ref002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"581","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(07)70209-8","article-title":"Cutaneous leishmaniasis.","volume":"7","author":"R Reithinger","year":"2007","journal-title":"Lancet Infect Dis"},{"key":"pntd.0010162.ref003","article-title":"Leishmaniases in Bolivia: comprehensive review and current status.","author":"AL Garcia"},{"issue":"949","key":"pntd.0010162.ref004","first-page":"xii","volume":"949","author":"Control of the leishmaniases","year":"2010","journal-title":"World Health Organ Tech Rep Ser"},{"issue":"2","key":"pntd.0010162.ref005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"312","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.1998.59.312","article-title":"Geographic distribution and clinical description of leishmaniasis cases in Peru","volume":"59","author":"CM Lucas","year":"1998","journal-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg"},{"issue":"1","key":"pntd.0010162.ref006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.1990.42.51","article-title":"Mucosal disease caused by Leishmania braziliensis guyanensis","volume":"42","author":"C Santrich","year":"1990","journal-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg"},{"issue":"3","key":"pntd.0010162.ref007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e980","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0000980","article-title":"Mucosal Leishmaniasis caused by Leishmania (Viannia) braziliensis and Leishmania (Viannia) guyanensis in the Brazilian Amazon.","volume":"5","author":"JA Guerra","year":"2011","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"issue":"1","key":"pntd.0010162.ref008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.1998.59.49","article-title":"Mucosal leishmaniasis due to Leishmania (Viannia) panamensis in Colombia: clinical characteristics.","volume":"59","author":"LE Osorio","year":"1998","journal-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg"},{"issue":"10","key":"pntd.0010162.ref009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e26395","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0026395","article-title":"Non-invasive cytology brush PCR diagnostic testing in mucosal leishmaniasis: superior performance to conventional biopsy with histopathology.","volume":"6","author":"AK Boggild","year":"2011","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"pntd.0010162.ref010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","article-title":"Mucosal Leishmania infantum leishmaniasis: specific pattern in a multicentre survey and historical cases.","author":"B Faucher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2011.03.012"},{"key":"pntd.0010162.ref011","author":"J Richter","journal-title":"Mucosal Leishmania infantum infection"},{"key":"pntd.0010162.ref012","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","article-title":"Mucosal leishmaniasis: an underestimated presentation of a neglected disease.","author":"A Strazzulla","DOI":"10.1155\/2013\/805108"},{"issue":"1","key":"pntd.0010162.ref013","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1016\/j.meegid.2004.05.008","article-title":"Sudanese mucosal leishmaniasis: isolation of a parasite within the Leishmania donovani complex that differs genotypically from L. donovani causing classical visceral leishmaniasis","volume":"5","author":"M Mahdi","year":"2005","journal-title":"Infect Genet Evol"},{"issue":"1","key":"pntd.0010162.ref014","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"215","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-genom-091212-153448","article-title":"The Genetic Theory of Infectious Diseases: A Brief History and Selected Illustrations.","volume":"14","author":"J-L Casanova","year":"2013","journal-title":"Annual Review of Genomics and Human Genetics"},{"key":"pntd.0010162.ref015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","article-title":"Short report: detection of Leishmaniavirus in human biopsy samples of leishmaniasis from Peru.","author":"M Saiz","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.1998.58.192"},{"key":"pntd.0010162.ref016","article-title":"Short report: quantification of leishmaniavirus RNA in clinical samples and its possible role in pathogenesis.","author":"MM Ogg"},{"key":"pntd.0010162.ref017","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","article-title":"Leishmania RNA virus controls the severity of mucocutaneous leishmaniasis.","author":"A Ives","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1199326"},{"issue":"9","key":"pntd.0010162.ref018","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0004079","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0004079","article-title":"Further Evidence of an Association between the Presence of Leishmania RNA Virus 1 and the Mucosal Manifestations in Tegumentary Leishmaniasis Patients.","volume":"9","author":"LM Cantanhede","year":"2015","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis."},{"issue":"11","key":"pntd.0010162.ref019","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3680","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.01286-07","article-title":"Evaluation of a microculture method for isolation of Leishmania parasites from cutaneous lesions of patients in Peru","volume":"45","author":"AK Boggild","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Clin Microbiol"},{"issue":"10","key":"pntd.0010162.ref020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"501","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM197509042931013","article-title":"Editorial: Measurement of delayed skin-test responses","volume":"293","author":"JE Sokal","year":"1975","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"11","key":"pntd.0010162.ref021","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e49738","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0049738","article-title":"Non-invasive cytology brush PCR for the diagnosis and causative species identification of American cutaneous leishmaniasis in Peru.","volume":"7","author":"BM Valencia","year":"2012","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"2","key":"pntd.0010162.ref022","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"495","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.05061-11","article-title":"Leishmania (Viannia) species identification on clinical samples from cutaneous leishmaniasis patients in Peru: assessment of a molecular stepwise approach.","volume":"50","author":"N Veland","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Clin Microbiol"},{"issue":"7","key":"pntd.0010162.ref023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"877","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jix416","article-title":"Influence of Leishmania RNA Virus 1 on Proinflammatory Biomarker Expression in a Human Macrophage Model of American Tegumentary Leishmaniasis","volume":"216","author":"R Kariyawasam","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"issue":"1","key":"pntd.0010162.ref024","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"349","DOI":"10.1016\/S0732-8893(03)00093-2","article-title":"PCR diagnosis and characterization of Leishmania in local and imported clinical samples","volume":"47","author":"G Schonian","year":"2003","journal-title":"Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis"},{"issue":"9","key":"pntd.0010162.ref025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3143","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.01177-11","article-title":"Identification of Leishmania spp. by molecular amplification and DNA sequencing analysis of a fragment of rRNA internal transcribed spacer 2","volume":"49","author":"ME de Almeida","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Clin Microbiol"},{"issue":"5","key":"pntd.0010162.ref026","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"583","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.2001.65.583","article-title":"Rapid diagnosis of leishmaniasis by fluorogenic polymerase chain reaction","volume":"65","author":"G Wortmann","year":"2001","journal-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg"},{"key":"pntd.0010162.ref027","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","article-title":"Real-time PCR assay for detection and quantification of Leishmania (Viannia) organisms in skin and mucosal lesions: exploratory study of parasite load and clinical parameters.","author":"M Jara","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.00208-13"},{"key":"pntd.0010162.ref028","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"309","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.2003.69.309","article-title":"Short report: quantification of Leishmaniavirus RNA in clinical samples and its possible role in pathogenesis","volume":"69","author":"MM Ogg","year":"2003","journal-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg"},{"issue":"5","key":"pntd.0010162.ref029","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"533","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bjorl.2015.07.014","article-title":"Correlation between presence of Leishmania RNA virus 1 and clinical characteristics of nasal mucosal leishmaniosis.","volume":"81","author":"MM Ito","year":"2015","journal-title":"Brazilian journal of otorhinolaryngology"},{"issue":"1","key":"pntd.0010162.ref030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5273","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-019-13356-2","article-title":"Leishmania RNA virus exacerbates Leishmaniasis by subverting innate immunity via TLR3-mediated NLRP3 inflammasome inhibition.","volume":"10","author":"RVH de Carvalho","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nature Communications."},{"issue":"5","key":"pntd.0010162.ref031","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"665","DOI":"10.1590\/0074-0276108052013021","article-title":"Severity of tegumentary leishmaniasis is not exclusively associated with Leishmania RNA virus 1 infection in Brazil","volume":"108","author":"O Pereira Lde","year":"2013","journal-title":"Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz"},{"issue":"1","key":"pntd.0010162.ref032","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiv354","article-title":"Association of the Endobiont Double-Stranded RNA Virus LRV1 With Treatment Failure for Human Leishmaniasis Caused by Leishmania braziliensis in Peru and Bolivia","volume":"213","author":"V Adaui","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"issue":"1","key":"pntd.0010162.ref033","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"233","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.20-0073","article-title":"Detection of Leishmania RNA Virus in Clinical Samples from Cutaneous Leishmaniasis Patients Varies according to the Type of Sample","volume":"104","author":"M Parra-Mu\u00f1oz","year":"2021","journal-title":"The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene"},{"issue":"1","key":"pntd.0010162.ref034","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiv355","article-title":"Presence of Leishmania RNA Virus 1 in Leishmania guyanensis Increases the Risk of First-Line Treatment Failure and Symptomatic Relapse","volume":"213","author":"E Bourreau","year":"2016","journal-title":"The Journal of Infectious Diseases"},{"issue":"2","key":"pntd.0010162.ref035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"286.e1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmi.2020.04.037","article-title":"Leishmaniavirus genetic diversity is not related to leishmaniasis treatment failure.","volume":"27","author":"M Ginouv\u00e8s","year":"2021","journal-title":"Clinical microbiology and infection: the official publication of the European Society of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases."},{"issue":"6","key":"pntd.0010162.ref036","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2244","DOI":"10.1111\/tbed.13316","article-title":"Global status of synchronizing Leishmania RNA virus in Leishmania parasites: A systematic review with meta-analysis","volume":"66","author":"R Saberi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Transboundary and Emerging Diseases"},{"issue":"6","key":"pntd.0010162.ref037","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"845","DOI":"10.1016\/0035-9203(84)90043-9","article-title":"Clinical characteristics of human Leishmania braziliensis braziliensis infections","volume":"78","author":"EA Llanos Cuentas","year":"1984","journal-title":"Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg"},{"issue":"12","key":"pntd.0010162.ref038","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"781","DOI":"10.1093\/qjmed\/hch127","article-title":"New world mucosal and cutaneous leishmaniasis: an emerging health problem among British travellers. QJM: monthly journal of the","volume":"97","author":"SD Lawn","year":"2004","journal-title":"Association of Physicians"},{"issue":"3","key":"pntd.0010162.ref039","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2130","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0002130","article-title":"Methodology of clinical trials aimed at assessing interventions for cutaneous leishmaniasis.","volume":"7","author":"P Olliaro","year":"2013","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"issue":"2","key":"pntd.0010162.ref040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.1086\/524042","article-title":"Clinical and parasite species risk factors for pentavalent antimonial treatment failure in cutaneous leishmaniasis in Peru","volume":"46","author":"A Llanos-Cuentas","year":"2008","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"issue":"3","key":"pntd.0010162.ref041","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"387","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.2009.81.387","article-title":"Efficacy of extended (six weeks) treatment with miltefosine for mucosal leishmaniasis in Bolivia.","volume":"81","author":"J Soto","year":"2009","journal-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg"},{"key":"pntd.0010162.ref042","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"380","DOI":"10.1590\/S1808-86942011000300018","article-title":"Mucocutaneous Leishmaniasis: clinical markers in presumptive diagnosis.","volume":"77","author":"JLCP Diniz","year":"2011","journal-title":"Brazilian journal of otorhinolaryngology"},{"issue":"1","key":"pntd.0010162.ref043","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.15-0419","article-title":"Prevalence and Distribution of Leishmania RNA Virus 1 in Leishmania Parasites from French Guiana","volume":"94","author":"M Ginouv\u00e8s","year":"2016","journal-title":"The American journal of tropical medicine and hygiene"},{"issue":"1","key":"pntd.0010162.ref044","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trstmh.2003.08.001","article-title":"Risk factors for mucosal manifestation of American cutaneous leishmaniasis","volume":"99","author":"GL Machado-Coelho","year":"2005","journal-title":"Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg"},{"issue":"4","key":"pntd.0010162.ref045","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"642","DOI":"10.3201\/eid2504.180239","article-title":"Mucosal Leishmaniasis in Travelers with Leishmania braziliensis Complex Returning to Israel","volume":"25","author":"M Solomon","year":"2019","journal-title":"Emerging infectious diseases"},{"issue":"6\u20137","key":"pntd.0010162.ref046","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"813","DOI":"10.1007\/s00439-020-02130-w","article-title":"Human genetics of leishmania infections","volume":"139","author":"JM Blackwell","year":"2020","journal-title":"Hum Genet"},{"issue":"4","key":"pntd.0010162.ref047","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"968","DOI":"10.1086\/514882","article-title":"Evidence for a major gene controlling susceptibility to tegumentary leishmaniasis in a recently exposed Bolivian population","volume":"61","author":"A Alcais","year":"1997","journal-title":"American journal of human genetics"},{"issue":"1","key":"pntd.0010162.ref048","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.1997.57.79","article-title":"Risk factors for onset of cutaneous and mucocutaneous leishmaniasis in Bolivia","volume":"57","author":"A Alcais","year":"1997","journal-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg"},{"issue":"1","key":"pntd.0010162.ref049","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.2005.73.69","article-title":"Familial aggregation of mucosal leishmaniasis in northeast Brazil","volume":"73","author":"L Castellucci","year":"2005","journal-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg"},{"issue":"4","key":"pntd.0010162.ref050","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"714","DOI":"10.1038\/s41564-018-0352-y","article-title":"Exploitation of the Leishmania exosomal pathway by Leishmania RNA virus 1.","volume":"4","author":"VD Atayde","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat Microbiol"},{"issue":"3","key":"pntd.0010162.ref051","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"318","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chom.2016.08.001","article-title":"Mammalian Innate Immune Response to a Leishmania-Resident RNA Virus Increases Macrophage Survival to Promote Parasite Persistence.","volume":"20","author":"RO Eren","year":"2016","journal-title":"Cell Host Microbe"},{"issue":"1932","key":"pntd.0010162.ref052","article-title":"MicroRNA-155\u2014at the Critical Interface of Innate and Adaptive Immunity in Arthritis.","volume":"8","author":"S Alivernini","year":"2018","journal-title":"Frontiers in Immunology"},{"issue":"19","key":"pntd.0010162.ref053","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4987","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1621447114","article-title":"Type I interferons induced by endogenous or exogenous viral infections promote metastasis and relapse of leishmaniasis","volume":"114","author":"M Rossi","year":"2017","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"issue":"3","key":"pntd.0010162.ref054","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.15698\/mic2018.03.619","article-title":"Leishmania guyanensis parasites block the activation of the inflammasome by inhibiting maturation of IL-1\u03b2","volume":"5","author":"MA Hartley","year":"2018","journal-title":"Microb Cell"},{"issue":"43","key":"pntd.0010162.ref055","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11998","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1615085113","article-title":"Tilting the balance between RNA interference and replication eradicates Leishmania RNA virus 1 and mitigates the inflammatory response","volume":"113","author":"EA Brettmann","year":"2016","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"key":"pntd.0010162.ref056","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"186","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2021.01.005","article-title":"The severity of the pathogen-induced acute sickness response is affected by polymorphisms in genes of the NLRP3 inflammasome pathway","volume":"93","author":"BM Valencia","year":"2021","journal-title":"Brain Behav Immun"},{"key":"pntd.0010162.ref057","first-page":"3273645","article-title":"Inflammasome Genes\u2019 Polymorphisms in Egyptian Chronic Hepatitis C Patients: Influence on Vulnerability to Infection and Response to Treatment.","volume":"2019","author":"SZK Estfanous","year":"2019","journal-title":"Mediators Inflamm"},{"issue":"1","key":"pntd.0010162.ref058","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3126","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-019-40121-8","article-title":"Polymorphisms in CARD8 and NLRP3 are associated with extrapulmonary TB and poor clinical outcome in active TB in Ethiopia.","volume":"9","author":"E Abate","year":"2019","journal-title":"Scientific reports"},{"issue":"3","key":"pntd.0010162.ref059","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"489","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.1987.36.489","article-title":"Diagnosis of cutaneous and mucocutaneous leishmaniasis in Colombia: a comparison of seven methods","volume":"36","author":"KA Weigle","year":"1987","journal-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg"},{"issue":"10","key":"pntd.0010162.ref060","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3768","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.38.10.3768-3773.2000","article-title":"Diagnosis of cutaneous leishmaniasis in Colombia: the sampling site within lesions influences the sensitivity of parasitologic diagnosis","volume":"38","author":"JR Ramirez","year":"2000","journal-title":"J Clin Microbiol"},{"issue":"14","key":"pntd.0010162.ref061","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1891","DOI":"10.1017\/S0031182014001280","article-title":"Sensitive diagnosis of cutaneous leishmaniasis by lesion swab sampling coupled to qPCR","volume":"141","author":"ER Adams","year":"2014","journal-title":"Parasitology"},{"issue":"5","key":"pntd.0010162.ref062","first-page":"303","article-title":"Quantification of Leishmania (Viannia) kinetoplast DNA in acute cutaneous leishmaniasis ulcers reveals differences in parasite load according to the site of sample collection and sampling method.","volume":"91","author":"M Suarez","year":"2014","journal-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg"},{"issue":"2","key":"pntd.0010162.ref063","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"345","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.2010.09-0414","article-title":"Clinical and demographic stratification of test performance: a pooled analysis of five laboratory diagnostic methods for American cutaneous leishmaniasis","volume":"83","author":"AK Boggild","year":"2010","journal-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg"},{"key":"pntd.0010162.ref064","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"776","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-323-55512-8.00104-6","volume-title":"Hunter\u2019s Tropical Medicine and Emerging Infectious Diseases","author":"NE Aronson","year":"2020","edition":"10"}],"updated-by":[{"DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0010162","type":"new_version","label":"New version","source":"publisher","updated":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,9]],"date-time":"2022-02-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1644364800000}}],"container-title":["PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pntd.0010162","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,9]],"date-time":"2022-02-09T18:43:27Z","timestamp":1644432207000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pntd.0010162"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Walderez O.","family":"Dutra","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"editor"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,28]]},"references-count":64,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,28]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pntd.0010162","relation":{"new_version":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0010162","asserted-by":"object"}]},"ISSN":["1935-2735"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1935-2735","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,28]]}}}