{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T02:57:04Z","timestamp":1787021824267,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":51,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,9]],"date-time":"2022-02-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1644364800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100008431","name":"Consejer\u00eda de Educaci\u00f3n, Junta de Castilla y Le\u00f3n","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["LE255-16"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["LE255-16"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100008431","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100008431","name":"Consejer\u00eda de Educaci\u00f3n, Junta de Castilla y Le\u00f3n","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["LE208-17"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["LE208-17"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100008431","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100007136","name":"Secretar\u00eda de Estado de Investigaci\u00f3n, Desarrollo e Innovaci\u00f3n","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["SAF 2017-83575"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SAF 2017-83575"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100007136","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosntds.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS Negl Trop Dis"],"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Diseases caused by trypanosomatids are serious public health concerns in low-income endemic countries. Leishmaniasis is presented in two main clinical forms, visceral leishmaniasis\u2014caused by\n                    <jats:italic>L<\/jats:italic>\n                    .\n                    <jats:italic>infantum<\/jats:italic>\n                    and\n                    <jats:italic>L<\/jats:italic>\n                    .\n                    <jats:italic>donovani<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2014and cutaneous leishmaniasis\u2014caused by many species, including\n                    <jats:italic>L<\/jats:italic>\n                    .\n                    <jats:italic>major<\/jats:italic>\n                    ,\n                    <jats:italic>L<\/jats:italic>\n                    .\n                    <jats:italic>tropica<\/jats:italic>\n                    and\n                    <jats:italic>L<\/jats:italic>\n                    .\n                    <jats:italic>braziliensis<\/jats:italic>\n                    . As for certain other trypanosomatids, sexual reproduction has been confirmed in these parasites, and formation of hybrids can contribute to virulence, drug resistance or adaptation to the host immune system. In the present work, the capability of intraclonal and interspecies genetic exchange has been investigated using three parental strains:\n                    <jats:italic>L<\/jats:italic>\n                    .\n                    <jats:italic>donovani<\/jats:italic>\n                    ,\n                    <jats:italic>L<\/jats:italic>\n                    .\n                    <jats:italic>tropica<\/jats:italic>\n                    and\n                    <jats:italic>L<\/jats:italic>\n                    .\n                    <jats:italic>major<\/jats:italic>\n                    , which have been engineered to express different fluorescent proteins and antibiotic resistance markers in order to facilitate the phenotypic selection of hybrid parasites after mating events. Stationary and exponential-phase promastigotes of each species were used, in\n                    <jats:italic>in vitro experiments<\/jats:italic>\n                    , some of them containing LULO cells (an embryonic cell line derived from\n                    <jats:italic>Lutzomyia longipalpis<\/jats:italic>\n                    ). Several intraclonal hybrids were obtained with\n                    <jats:italic>L<\/jats:italic>\n                    .\n                    <jats:italic>tropica<\/jats:italic>\n                    as crossing progenitor, but not with\n                    <jats:italic>L<\/jats:italic>\n                    .\n                    <jats:italic>donovani<\/jats:italic>\n                    or\n                    <jats:italic>L<\/jats:italic>\n                    .\n                    <jats:italic>major<\/jats:italic>\n                    . In interspecies crossings, three\n                    <jats:italic>L<\/jats:italic>\n                    .\n                    <jats:italic>donovani<\/jats:italic>\n                    x\n                    <jats:italic>L<\/jats:italic>\n                    .\n                    <jats:italic>major<\/jats:italic>\n                    hybrids and two\n                    <jats:italic>L<\/jats:italic>\n                    .\n                    <jats:italic>donovani<\/jats:italic>\n                    x\n                    <jats:italic>L<\/jats:italic>\n                    .\n                    <jats:italic>tropica<\/jats:italic>\n                    hybrids were isolated, thereby demonstrating the feasibility to obtain\n                    <jats:italic>in vitro<\/jats:italic>\n                    hybrids of parental lines causing different tropism of leishmaniasis. Ploidy analysis revealed an increase in DNA content in all hybrids compared to the parental strains, and nuclear analysis showed that interspecies hybrids are complete hybrids, i.e. each of them showing at least one chromosomal set from each parental. Regarding kDNA inheritance, discrepancies were observed between maxi and minicircle heritage. Finally, phenotypic studies showed either intermediate phenotypes in terms of growth profiles, or a decreased\n                    <jats:italic>in vitro<\/jats:italic>\n                    infection capacity compared to the parental cells. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first time that\n                    <jats:italic>in vitro<\/jats:italic>\n                    interspecies outcrossing has been demonstrated between\n                    <jats:italic>Leishmania<\/jats:italic>\n                    species with different tropism, thus contributing to shed light on the mechanisms underlying sexual reproduction in these parasites.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0010170","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,9]],"date-time":"2022-02-09T13:26:40Z","timestamp":1644413200000},"page":"e0010170","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pntd.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Axenic interspecies and intraclonal hybrid formation in Leishmania: Successful crossings between visceral and cutaneous 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