{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,7]],"date-time":"2026-07-07T04:20:07Z","timestamp":1783398007462,"version":"3.54.6"},"reference-count":12,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,28]],"date-time":"2022-03-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1648425600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100002152","name":"International Trachoma Initiative","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100002152","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000834","name":"Bernard Osher Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000834","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100017433","name":"That Man May See","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100017433","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"Peierls Foundation"},{"name":"The Bodri Foundation"},{"name":"Harper Inglis Trust"},{"name":"South Asia Research Fund"},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100001818","name":"Research to Prevent Blindness","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100001818","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["U10EY016214"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["U10EY016214"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R21AI55752"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R21AI55752"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["K23EY019071"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["K23EY019071"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosntds.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS Negl Trop Dis"],"abstract":"<jats:sec id=\"sec001\">\n<jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>The chlamydial major outer membrane protein, encoded by the <jats:italic>ompA<\/jats:italic> gene, is a primary target for chlamydial vaccine research. However, human studies of <jats:italic>ompA<\/jats:italic>-specific immunity are limited, and prior studies have been limited in differentiating re-infection from persistent infection. The purpose of this study was to assess whether children living in trachoma-endemic communities with re-infections of ocular chlamydia were more likely to be infected with a different or similar genovar.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"sec002\">\n<jats:title>Methodology and findings<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>The study included 21 communities from a trachoma-hyperendemic area of Ethiopia that had been treated with a mass azithromycin distribution for trachoma. Conjunctival swabbing was offered to all children younger than 5 years of age at baseline (i.e., pre-treatment), and then at follow-up visits 2 and 6 months later. Swabs were subjected to polymerase chain reaction (PCR) to detect <jats:italic>C<\/jats:italic>. <jats:italic>trachomatis<\/jats:italic>. A random sample of 359 PCR-positive swabs, stratified by study visit and study community, was chosen for <jats:italic>ompA<\/jats:italic> sequencing. In addition, <jats:italic>ompA<\/jats:italic> sequencing was performed on all swabs of 24 children who experienced chlamydial re-infection (i.e., positive chlamydial test before treatment, negative test 2 months following mass distribution of azithromycin, and again a positive test 6 months post-treatment). <jats:italic>ompA<\/jats:italic> sequencing was successful for 351 of 359 swabs of the random sample and 44 of 48 swabs of the re-infection sample. In the random sample, <jats:italic>ompA<\/jats:italic> types clustered within households more than would be expected by chance. Among the 21 re-infected children with complete <jats:italic>ompA<\/jats:italic> data, 14 had the same <jats:italic>ompA<\/jats:italic> type before and after treatment.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"sec003\">\n<jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>The high frequency of <jats:italic>ompA<\/jats:italic> concordance suggests incomplete genovar-specific protective immunity and the need for multiple antigens as vaccine targets.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0010237","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,28]],"date-time":"2022-03-28T17:28:45Z","timestamp":1648488525000},"page":"e0010237","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pntd.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Concordance of ompA types in children re-infected with ocular Chlamydia trachomatis following mass azithromycin treatment for 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