{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,30]],"date-time":"2026-08-30T16:36:04Z","timestamp":1788107764847,"version":"build-2803163510"},"update-to":[{"DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0010239","type":"new_version","label":"New version","source":"publisher","updated":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,24]],"date-time":"2022-03-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1648080000000}}],"reference-count":68,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,4]],"date-time":"2022-03-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1646352000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosntds.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS Negl Trop Dis"],"abstract":"<jats:sec id=\"sec001\">\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>HIV infection is highly prevalent in French Guiana, a territory where leprosy is also endemic. Since the introduction of Highly Active Antiretroviral Treatment (HAART) in the management of HIV, leprosy has been reported as part of the immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome (IRIS).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"sec002\">\n                    <jats:title>Methodology\/Principal findings<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We aimed to present a general description of these forms of leprosy as IRIS, highlighting clinical and therapeutic specificities. A retrospective study was conducted in French Guiana, including patients living with HIV (PLHIV) with advanced infection (CD4 &lt; 200\/mm3) and developing leprosy or a leprosy reaction within six months of HAART initiation, from 2000 to 2020. Clinical, histological and biological data were collected for all these patients. Six patients were reported in French Guiana. A systematic review of the literature was conducted, and its results were added to an overall analysis. Overall, seventy-three PLHIV were included. They were mainly men (74%), aged 22\u201354 years (median 36 years), mainly from Brazil (46.5%) and India (32.8%). Most leprosy cases (56.2%) were borderline tuberculoid (BT). Leprosy reactions were frequent (74%), mainly type 1 reaction (T1R) (68.5%), sometimes intense with ulceration of skin lesions (22%). Neuritis was observed in 30.1% of patients. The outcome was always favorable under multidrug therapy (MDT), continuation of HAART and additional corticosteroid therapy in case of neuritis or ulceration. There was no relapse.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"sec003\">\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Leprosy as IRIS in PLHIV mainly presents as a BT leprosy in a T1R state, sometimes with ulcerated skin lesions. Response to MDT is usually good. Systemic corticosteroids are necessary and efficient in case of neuritis.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0010239","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,4]],"date-time":"2022-03-04T13:40:21Z","timestamp":1646401221000},"page":"e0010239","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pntd.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Leprosy as immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome in patients living with HIV: Description of French Guiana\u2019s cases over 20 years and systematic review of the literature"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4143-0766","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Alice","family":"Mouchard","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3695-6824","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Romain","family":"Blaizot","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jenna","family":"Graille","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pierre","family":"Couppi\u00e9","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0062-1184","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Chlo\u00e9","family":"Bertin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"pntd.0010239.ref001","unstructured":"Global leprosy (Hansen disease) update, 2019: time to step-up prevention initiatives. [cited 7 Mar 2021]. Available: https:\/\/www.who.int\/publications\/i\/item\/who-wer9536"},{"key":"pntd.0010239.ref002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"350","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(06)70493-5","article-title":"Interactions between HIV infection and leprosy: a paradox","volume":"6","author":"AP Ustianowski","year":"2006","journal-title":"The Lancet Infectious Diseases"},{"key":"pntd.0010239.ref003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e5","DOI":"10.1086\/344446","article-title":"Borderline tuberculoid leprosy: an immune reconstitution phenomenon in a human immunodeficiency virus-infected person","volume":"36","author":"SD Lawn","year":"2003","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"pntd.0010239.ref004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"966","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trstmh.2008.06.003","article-title":"Leprosy occurring as immune reconstitution syndrome","volume":"102","author":"PD Deps","year":"2008","journal-title":"Transactions of The Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene"},{"key":"pntd.0010239.ref005","unstructured":"UNAIDS leads the world\u2019s most extensive data collection on HIV epidemiology, programme coverage and finance | UNAIDS. [cited 11 Aug 2021]. Available: https:\/\/www.unaids.org\/en\/topic\/data"},{"key":"pntd.0010239.ref006","first-page":"237","article-title":"Leprosy in French Guiana 2007\u20132014: a re-emerging public health problem","volume":"182","author":"J Graille","year":"2020","journal-title":"Br J Dermatol"},{"key":"pntd.0010239.ref007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0197990","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0197990","article-title":"Modeling of the HIV epidemic and continuum of care in French Guiana.","volume":"13","author":"M Nacher","year":"2018","journal-title":"PLOS ONE"},{"key":"pntd.0010239.ref008","first-page":"255","article-title":"Classification of leprosy according to immunity. A five-group system","volume":"34","author":"DS Ridley","year":"1966","journal-title":"Int J Lepr Other Mycobact Dis"},{"key":"pntd.0010239.ref009","volume-title":"Monitoring and Evaluation Guide","author":"Asia RO for S-E, Organization WH","year":"2017"},{"key":"pntd.0010239.ref010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"997","DOI":"10.1001\/archderm.140.8.997","article-title":"Immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome associated with HIV and leprosy","volume":"140","author":"P Couppi\u00e9","year":"2004","journal-title":"Arch Dermatol"},{"key":"pntd.0010239.ref011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"679","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.2004.71.679","article-title":"Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) and Mycobacterium leprae co-infection: HIV-1 subtypes and clinical, immunologic, and histopathologic profiles in a Brazilian cohort","volume":"71","author":"GAS Pereira","year":"2004","journal-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg"},{"key":"pntd.0010239.ref012","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"408","DOI":"10.1007\/s10096-004-1131-7","article-title":"Leprosy and AIDS: two cases of increasing inflammatory reactions at the start of highly active antiretroviral therapy","volume":"23","author":"P Pignataro","year":"2004","journal-title":"Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis"},{"key":"pntd.0010239.ref013","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"881","DOI":"10.1080\/00365540410025357","article-title":"Tuberculoid leprosy in a patient with AIDS: a manifestation of immune restoration syndrome","volume":"36","author":"U Visco-Comandini","year":"2004","journal-title":"Scand J Infect Dis"},{"key":"pntd.0010239.ref014","first-page":"187","article-title":"[Dermatologic manifestations associated with immune reconstitution syndrome in HIV+ patients starting HAART: a retrospective study in French Guiana]","volume":"98","author":"E Sarazin","year":"2005","journal-title":"Bull Soc PatholExot"},{"key":"pntd.0010239.ref015","first-page":"203","article-title":"Borderline tuberculoid leprosy with type 1 reaction in an HIV patient\u2014a phenomenon of immune reconstitution","volume":"73","author":"T Narang","year":"2005","journal-title":"Int J Lepr Other Mycobact Dis"},{"key":"pntd.0010239.ref016","first-page":"105","article-title":"S\u00edndromeinflamatorio de reconstituci\u00f3ninmunitaria. Comunicaci\u00f3nde uncaso de coinfecci\u00f3nlepratuberculoide-VIH\/SIDA","volume":"50","author":"FS Lara","year":"2006","journal-title":"DermatolRevMex"},{"key":"pntd.0010239.ref017","first-page":"76","article-title":"Immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome in an HIV seropositiveleprosy patient","volume":"77","author":"A Singal","year":"2006","journal-title":"LeprRev"},{"key":"pntd.0010239.ref018","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"278","DOI":"10.4103\/0019-5154.30295","article-title":"Borderline tuberculoid leprosy: A manifestation of immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome in a human immunodeficiency virus infected person","volume":"51","author":"P Mukhopadhyay","year":"2006","journal-title":"Indian Journal of Dermatology"},{"key":"pntd.0010239.ref019","first-page":"553","article-title":"Rea\u00e7\u00e3oreversaat\u00edpicaempaciente com hansen\u00edasedimorfa co-infectadopelo HIV","volume":"82","author":"L Caruso R de","year":"2007","journal-title":"An Bras Dermatol"},{"key":"pntd.0010239.ref020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"253","DOI":"10.4103\/0378-6323.33637","article-title":"Type I lepra reaction presenting as immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome","volume":"73","author":"V Kharkar","year":"2007","journal-title":"Indian J Dermatol VenereolLeprol"},{"key":"pntd.0010239.ref021","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.47276\/lr.78.2.151","article-title":"Shifting of the clinical spectrum of leprosy in an HIV-positive patient: a manifestation of immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome?","volume":"78","author":"C Talhari","year":"2007","journal-title":"Lepr Rev."},{"key":"pntd.0010239.ref022","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.1258\/ijsa.2007.007163","article-title":"Immune reconstitution syndrome associated with leprosy: two cases","volume":"19","author":"PD Deps","year":"2008","journal-title":"Int J STD AIDS"},{"key":"pntd.0010239.ref023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e56","DOI":"10.1086\/528864","article-title":"Leprosy reversal reaction as immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome in patients with AIDS","volume":"46","author":"MD Batista","year":"2008","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"pntd.0010239.ref024","first-page":"25","article-title":"Leprosyreaction and immune reconstitution Syndrome in AIDS","volume":"33","author":"BM Trope","year":"2008","journal-title":"HansenologiaInternationalis (Online)."},{"key":"pntd.0010239.ref025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"429","DOI":"10.47276\/lr.79.4.429","article-title":"Immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome or upgrading type 1 reaction?Report of two AIDS patients presenting a shifting from borderline lepromatous leprosy to borderline tuberculoid leprosy","volume":"79","author":"C Talhari","year":"2008","journal-title":"Lepr Rev"},{"key":"pntd.0010239.ref026","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"96","DOI":"10.4103\/0253-7184.48734","article-title":"Leprosy presenting as immune reconstitution Inflammatory Syndrome","volume":"29","author":"S Mehta","year":"2008","journal-title":"Indian Journal of Sexually Transmitted Diseases and AIDS"},{"key":"pntd.0010239.ref027","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.47276\/lr.80.1.85","article-title":"Borderline tuberculoid leprosy with upgrading Type 1 reaction in a HIV seropositive patient, after antiretroviral therapy: an immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome","volume":"80","author":"HK Kar","year":"2009","journal-title":"Lepr Rev"},{"key":"pntd.0010239.ref028","first-page":"75","article-title":"Inoculation leprosy and HIV co-infection: a rare case with nerve involvement preceding development of skin patch and type 1 reaction as immune reconstitution syndrome following antiretroviral therapy","volume":"81","author":"P Sharma","year":"2009","journal-title":"Indian J Lepr."},{"key":"pntd.0010239.ref029","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"641","DOI":"10.1097\/QAD.0b013e3283291405","article-title":"Leprosy reaction as a manifestation of immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome: a case series of a Brazilian cohort","volume":"23","author":"VM Menezes","year":"2009","journal-title":"AIDS"},{"key":"pntd.0010239.ref030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"516","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2008.11.885","article-title":"Leprosy and Kaposi sarcoma presenting as an immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome in a patient with AIDS","volume":"61","author":"S Medeiros","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Am Acad Dermatol"},{"key":"pntd.0010239.ref031","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2998","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.00876-09","article-title":"Human Immunodeficiency Virus and Leprosy Coinfection in Pune, India","volume":"47","author":"K Vinay","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Clin Microbiol"},{"key":"pntd.0010239.ref032","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"345","DOI":"10.1086\/653839","article-title":"Leprosy and HIV coinfection: a clinical, pathological, immunological, and therapeutic study of a cohort from a Brazilian referral center for infectious diseases","volume":"202","author":"C Talhari","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"key":"pntd.0010239.ref033","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.2010.10-0071","article-title":"Unmasking Leprosy: An Unusual Immune Reconstitution Inflammatory Syndrome in a Patient Infected with Human Immunodeficiency Virus","volume":"83","author":"G Bussone","year":"2010","journal-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg"},{"issue":"5 SUPPL. 1","key":"pntd.0010239.ref034","article-title":"Immune reconstitution syndrome with Hansen\u2019s disease in a patient with AIDS","volume":"83","author":"S. Swaminathan","year":"2010","journal-title":"American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene"},{"key":"pntd.0010239.ref035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"128","DOI":"10.4103\/0253-7184.75031","article-title":"Immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome in a unique clinical scenario","volume":"31","author":"G Anubhav","year":"2010","journal-title":"Indian Journal of Sexually Transmitted Diseases and AIDS"},{"key":"pntd.0010239.ref036","unstructured":"John T. Leprosy presenting as immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome in patients on highly active anti-retroviral treatment. A case-series study from a tertiary care centre in Kerala, South India. 2011. Available: https:\/\/www.clinicalmicrobiologyandinfection.com\/article\/S1198-743X(14)64898-9\/fulltext"},{"key":"pntd.0010239.ref037","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"390","DOI":"10.1016\/j.medmal.2011.02.012","article-title":"Immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome and HIV leprosy co-infection","volume":"41","author":"NM Manga","year":"2011","journal-title":"Med Mal Infect"},{"key":"pntd.0010239.ref038","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1549","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMc1108255","article-title":"Acute leprosy in Ohio during treatment of HIV-AIDS","volume":"365","author":"MM Sopirala","year":"2011","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"pntd.0010239.ref039","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e146","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2011.10.006","article-title":"Tuberculoid leprosy and cytomegalovirus retinitis as immune restoration disease in a patient with AIDS","volume":"16","author":"S Kumar","year":"2012","journal-title":"Int J Infect Dis"},{"key":"pntd.0010239.ref040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"992","DOI":"10.1177\/0956462413490144","article-title":"Ulcerating type 1 lepra reaction mimicking lazarine leprosy: an unusual presentation of immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome in an HIV-infected patient","volume":"24","author":"R Bhat","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int J STD AIDS"},{"key":"pntd.0010239.ref041","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106","DOI":"10.4103\/0019-5154.147883","article-title":"Immune Reconstitution Inflammatory Syndrome Unmasking Erythema Nodosum Leprosum: A Rare Case Report","volume":"60","author":"GK Arakkal","year":"2015","journal-title":"Indian J Dermatol"},{"key":"pntd.0010239.ref042","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"AB126","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2015.02.523","article-title":"Immune inflammatory reconstitution syndrome in Hansen disease","volume":"72","author":"KR R\u00edos Gil","year":"2015","journal-title":"Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology"},{"key":"pntd.0010239.ref043","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.4103\/2229-5178.174305","article-title":"Hansen\u2019s disease in association with immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome","volume":"7","author":"A George","year":"2016","journal-title":"Indian Dermatol Online J"},{"key":"pntd.0010239.ref044","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"196","DOI":"10.1177\/0956462416654069","article-title":"Nerve abscess in Hansen\u2019s disease as part of immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome: a case report","volume":"28","author":"NM Ali","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int J STD AIDS"},{"key":"pntd.0010239.ref045","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"441","DOI":"10.47276\/lr.88.3.441","article-title":"Borderline leprosy presenting as immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome: Two cases","volume":"88","author":"O Faye","year":"2017","journal-title":"Leprosy Review"},{"key":"pntd.0010239.ref046","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"AB57","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2017.04.241","article-title":"Borderline lepromatous leprosy in the setting of immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome (IRIS).","volume":"76","author":"R Garc\u00eda-Galaviz","year":"2017","journal-title":"Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology"},{"key":"pntd.0010239.ref047","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bachaspatimayum R, Hafi B. A case of HIV, leprosy co-infection\u2014presenting as immune reconstitution inflflammatory syndrome. [cited 30 Jun 2021]. Available: http:\/\/www.odermatol.com\/issue-in-html\/2018-3-9-hiv\/","DOI":"10.7241\/ourd.20183.9"},{"key":"pntd.0010239.ref048","article-title":"Atypical solitary plaque multibacillary leprosy in an hiv patient presenting as immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome","author":"CLA Balita-Crisostomo","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Dermatol Nurses\u2019 Assoc"},{"key":"pntd.0010239.ref049","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.47276\/lr.81.1.59","article-title":"Leprosy presenting as immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome: proposed definitions and classification","volume":"81","author":"P Deps","year":"2010","journal-title":"Lepr Rev"},{"key":"pntd.0010239.ref050","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"206","DOI":"10.1177\/003335490812300213","article-title":"HIV-M. leprae interaction: can HAART modify the course of leprosy?","volume":"123","author":"EN Sarno","year":"2008","journal-title":"Public Health Rep"},{"key":"pntd.0010239.ref051","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1599","DOI":"10.1097\/QAD.0b013e32832bb5b7","article-title":"Increased incidence of leprosy following HAART initiation: a manifestation of the immune reconstitution disease","volume":"23","author":"P Couppi\u00e9","year":"2009","journal-title":"AIDS"},{"key":"pntd.0010239.ref052","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"516","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(08)70184-1","article-title":"Tuberculosis-associated immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome: case definitions for use in resource-limited settings","volume":"8","author":"G Meintjes","year":"2008","journal-title":"Lancet Infect Dis"},{"key":"pntd.0010239.ref053","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"361","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(05)70140-7","article-title":"Immune reconstitution disease associated with mycobacterial infections in HIV-infected individuals receiving antiretrovirals","volume":"5","author":"SD Lawn","year":"2005","journal-title":"Lancet Infect Dis"},{"key":"pntd.0010239.ref054","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1093\/trstmh\/trt113","article-title":"Epidemiological and clinical patterns of 92 patients co-infected with HIV and Mycobacterium leprae from Rio de Janeiro State, Brazil","volume":"108","author":"VM Menezes","year":"2014","journal-title":"Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg"},{"key":"pntd.0010239.ref055","article-title":"Leprosy Reactions in Patients Coinfected with HIV: Clinical Aspects and Outcomes in Two Comparative Cohorts in the Amazon Region, Brazil","volume":"9.","author":"CAA Pires","year":"2015","journal-title":"PLoSNegl Trop Dis"},{"key":"pntd.0010239.ref056","unstructured":"Tackling the discrimination facing girls and women with leprosy\u2014Gender inequality in leprosy: a triple jeopardy. | Infolep. [cited 16 Aug 2021]. Available: https:\/\/www.leprosy-information.org\/resource\/tackling-discrimination-facing-girls-and-women-leprosy-gender-inequality-leprosy-triple"},{"key":"pntd.0010239.ref057","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"338","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.19.2.338-381.2006","article-title":"The continuing challenges of leprosy","volume":"19","author":"DM Scollard","year":"2006","journal-title":"Clin Microbiol Rev"},{"key":"pntd.0010239.ref058","first-page":"1","article-title":"Guidelines for prevention and treatment of opportunistic infections in HIV-infected adults and adolescents: recommendations from CDC, the National Institutes of Health, and the HIV Medicine Association of the Infectious Diseases Society of America","volume":"58","author":"JE Kaplan","year":"2009","journal-title":"MMWR Recomm Rep"},{"key":"pntd.0010239.ref059","first-page":"77","article-title":"Reactions in leprosy","volume":"40","author":"DS Ridley","year":"1969","journal-title":"LeprRev"},{"key":"pntd.0010239.ref060","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1111\/imm.12108","article-title":"Role of CD8(+) T cells in triggering reversal reaction in HIV\/leprosy patients","volume":"140","author":"AL de Oliveira","year":"2013","journal-title":"Immunology"},{"key":"pntd.0010239.ref061","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"213","DOI":"10.1097\/00005792-200205000-00005","article-title":"Immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome: emergence of a unique syndrome during highly active antiretroviral therapy","volume":"81","author":"SA Shelburne","year":"2002","journal-title":"Medicine (Baltimore)."},{"key":"pntd.0010239.ref062","volume-title":"Leprosy hansen disease: management of reactions and prevention of disabilities: technical guidance","author":"Organization WH","year":"2020"},{"key":"pntd.0010239.ref063","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"516","DOI":"10.47276\/lr.87.4.516","article-title":"Corticosteroid therapy in borderline tuberculoid leprosy patients co-infected with HIV undergoing reversal reaction: a clinical study","volume":"87","author":"PJ Secchin-de-Andrade","year":"2016","journal-title":"Leprosy Review."},{"key":"pntd.0010239.ref064","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0006633","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0006633","article-title":"Peripheral nerve abnormality in HIV leprosy patients","volume":"12","author":"MB Xavier","year":"2018","journal-title":"PLoSNegl Trop Dis"},{"key":"pntd.0010239.ref065","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"470","DOI":"10.1111\/ced.12028","article-title":"Clinical and histological features of leprosy and human immunodeficiency virus co-infection in Brazil","volume":"38","author":"P Deps","year":"2013","journal-title":"Clin Exp Dermatol"},{"key":"pntd.0010239.ref066","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"321","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2133.2011.10412.x","article-title":"Immunophenotype of skin lymphocytic infiltrate in patients co-infected with Mycobacterium leprae and human immunodeficiency virus: a scenario dependent on CD8+ and\/or CD20+ cells","volume":"165","author":"C Massone","year":"2011","journal-title":"Br J Dermatol"},{"key":"pntd.0010239.ref067","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"206","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2567.2007.02756.x","article-title":"Immune cellular parameters of leprosy and human immunodeficiency virus-1 co-infected subjects","volume":"124","author":"KI Carvalho","year":"2008","journal-title":"Immunology"},{"key":"pntd.0010239.ref068","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e28735","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0028735","article-title":"Evaluation of cellular phenotypes implicated in immunopathogenesis and monitoring immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome in HIV\/leprosy cases","volume":"6","author":"CBW Giacoia-Gripp","year":"2011","journal-title":"PLoS One."}],"updated-by":[{"DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0010239","type":"new_version","label":"New version","source":"publisher","updated":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,24]],"date-time":"2022-03-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1648080000000}}],"container-title":["PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pntd.0010239","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,24]],"date-time":"2022-03-24T18:05:40Z","timestamp":1648145140000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pntd.0010239"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Johan","family":"Van Weyenbergh","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"editor"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,4]]},"references-count":68,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,4]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pntd.0010239","relation":{},"ISSN":["1935-2735"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1935-2735","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,4]]}}}