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The common marmoset, <jats:italic>Callithrix jacchus<\/jats:italic>, is considered a reservoir of rabies causing sporadic and unpredictable human deaths in Brazil, but the extent of the spillover risk to humans remains unknown. In this study, we described the spatiotemporal dynamics of rabies affecting <jats:italic>C<\/jats:italic>. <jats:italic>jacchus<\/jats:italic> reported to Brazil\u2019s Ministry of Health passive surveillance system between 2008 and 2020, and combined ecological niche modelling with <jats:italic>C<\/jats:italic>. <jats:italic>jacchus<\/jats:italic> occurrence data to predict its suitable habitat. Our results show that 67 outbreaks (91 cases) of rabies affecting <jats:italic>C<\/jats:italic>. <jats:italic>jacchus<\/jats:italic> were reported by 41 municipalities between January 2008 and October 2020, with a mean of 5 outbreaks\/year [range: 1\u201314]. The maximum number of outbreaks and municipalities reporting cases occurred in 2018, coinciding with higher surveillance of primate deaths due to Yellow Fever. A mean of 3 [1\u20139] new municipalities reported outbreaks yearly, suggesting potential spatial expansions of the <jats:italic>C<\/jats:italic>. <jats:italic>jacchus<\/jats:italic> variant in northeastern Brazil and emerging rabies spillover from vampire bat <jats:italic>Desmodus rotundus<\/jats:italic> to <jats:italic>C<\/jats:italic>. <jats:italic>jacchus<\/jats:italic> in the north and south. Outbreaks were concentrated in the states of Cear\u00e1 (72%) and Pernambuco (16%) up to 2012, but are now reported in Piau\u00ed since 2013, in Bahia since 2017 (<jats:italic>D<\/jats:italic>. <jats:italic>rotundus\u2019<\/jats:italic> antigenic variant, AgV3) and in Rio de Janeiro since 2019 (AgV3). Besides confirming suitable habitat for this primate in the northeast and the east coast of Brazil, our Maximum Entropy model also predicted suitable habitat on the north and the west states of the country but predicted low habitat suitability among inland municipalities of the Caatinga biome reporting rabies. Our findings revealed new areas reporting rabies infecting <jats:italic>C<\/jats:italic>. <jats:italic>jacchus<\/jats:italic>, highlighting the need to implement strategies limiting spillover to humans and to better understand the drivers of <jats:italic>C<\/jats:italic>. <jats:italic>jacchus<\/jats:italic> rabies dynamics.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0010254","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,31]],"date-time":"2022-03-31T18:09:12Z","timestamp":1648750152000},"page":"e0010254","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pntd.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":18,"title":["Spatio-temporal dynamics of rabies and habitat suitability of the common marmoset Callithrix jacchus in Brazil"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3920-9165","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Julio A.","family":"Benavides","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ram K.","family":"Raghavan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vanner","family":"Boere","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Silene","family":"Rocha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marcelo Y.","family":"Wada","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7500-8953","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Alexander","family":"Vargas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fernanda","family":"Voietta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ita","family":"de Oliveira e Silva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Silvana","family":"Leal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alene","family":"de Castro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maria de Fatima","family":"Arruda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"A. Townsend","family":"Peterson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jane","family":"Megid","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maria Luiza","family":"Carrieri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ivanete","family":"Kotait","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,31]]},"reference":[{"key":"pntd.0010254.ref001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"327","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(02)00287-6","article-title":"Rabies re-examined","volume":"2","author":"CE Rupprecht","year":"2002","journal-title":"Lancet Infect Dis"},{"key":"pntd.0010254.ref002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"678","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1904.121482","article-title":"Rabies update for Latin America and the Caribbean","volume":"19","author":"MAN Vigilato","year":"2013","journal-title":"Emerg Infect Dis"},{"key":"pntd.0010254.ref003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1002","DOI":"10.3390\/v12091002","article-title":"Defining new pathways to manage the ongoing emergence of bat rabies in Latin America","volume":"12","author":"JA Benavides","year":"2020","journal-title":"Viruses"},{"key":"pntd.0010254.ref004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1111\/zph.12527","article-title":"Non-human primates as a reservoir for rabies virus in Brazil","volume":"66","author":"I Kotait","year":"2019","journal-title":"Zoonoses Public Health"},{"key":"pntd.0010254.ref005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"906","DOI":"10.1111\/tbed.13415","article-title":"Rabies surveillance in wild mammals in South of Brazil","volume":"67","author":"AAS Campos","year":"2020","journal-title":"Transbound Emerg Dis"},{"key":"pntd.0010254.ref006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2018275","DOI":"10.5123\/S1679-49742019000200001","article-title":"Raiva humana no Brasil: estudo descritivo, 2000\u20132017","volume":"28","author":"A Vargas","year":"2019","journal-title":"Epidemiol e Servi\u00e7os Sa\u00fade"},{"key":"pntd.0010254.ref007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"579","DOI":"10.1071\/WR14148","article-title":"Good neighbours: distribution of black-tufted marmoset (Callithrix penicillata) in an urban environment","volume":"42","author":"B Teixeira","year":"2015","journal-title":"Wildl Res"},{"key":"pntd.0010254.ref008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.2981\/wlb.13057","article-title":"Wildlife in our backyard: interactions between Wied\u2019s marmoset Callithrix kuhlii (Primates: Callithrichidae) and residents of Ilh\u00e9us, Bahia, Brazil","volume":"20","author":"NN Rodrigues","year":"2014","journal-title":"Wildlife Biol"},{"key":"pntd.0010254.ref009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"318","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2020.00318","article-title":"Using surveillance of animal bite patients to decipher potential risks of rabies exposure from domestic animals and wildlife in Brazil","volume":"8","author":"JA Benavides","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front Public Heal"},{"key":"pntd.0010254.ref010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1017\/S095283690500662X","article-title":"Sleeping sites of common marmosets (Callithrix jacchus) in defaunated urban forest fragments: A strategy to maximize food intake","volume":"266","author":"AR Mendes Pontes","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Zool"},{"key":"pntd.0010254.ref011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1552","DOI":"10.1017\/S0950268813000198","article-title":"The emergence of wildlife species as a source of human rabies infection in Brazil","volume":"141","author":"SR Favoretto","year":"2013","journal-title":"Epidemiol Infect"},{"key":"pntd.0010254.ref012","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"389","DOI":"10.1590\/S0036-46652007000600010","article-title":"First report of rabies in vampire bats (Desmodus rotundus) in an urban area, Ubatuba, S\u00e3o Paulo state, Brazil","volume":"49","author":"C Ferraz","year":"2007","journal-title":"Rev Inst Med Trop Sao Paulo"},{"key":"pntd.0010254.ref013","article-title":"Rabies in Callithrix sp. in the urban area of Niter\u00f3i, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil","volume":"53","author":"FFB Moutinho","year":"2020","journal-title":"Rev Soc Bras Med Trop"},{"key":"pntd.0010254.ref014","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"441","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02381667","article-title":"Exudate-feeding by Callithrix jacchus penicillata in semideciduous woodland (Cerrad\u00e3o) in central Brazil","volume":"25","author":"GA Bouchardet da Fonseca","year":"1984","journal-title":"Primates"},{"key":"pntd.0010254.ref015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"361","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02382859","article-title":"Social organization in a wild population of Callithrix jacchus: II. 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