{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,28]],"date-time":"2026-03-28T05:35:07Z","timestamp":1774676107332,"version":"3.50.1"},"update-to":[{"DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0010260","type":"new_version","label":"New version","source":"publisher","updated":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,15]],"date-time":"2022-04-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1649980800000}}],"reference-count":109,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,25]],"date-time":"2022-03-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1648166400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000030","name":"centers for disease control and prevention","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["1U01CK000516"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1U01CK000516"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000030","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["UL1 TR001860"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UL1 TR001860"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100006108","name":"national center for advancing translational sciences","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["TL1 TR001861"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["TL1 TR001861"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100006108","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000060","name":"national institute of allergy and infectious diseases","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R01AI148633"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01AI148633"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000060","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosntds.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS Negl Trop Dis"],"abstract":"<jats:sec id=\"sec001\">\n<jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Vector control strategies typically rely on pesticides to target mosquitoes involved in enzootic and zoonotic transmission of West Nile virus (WNV). Nevertheless, increasing insecticide resistance and a desire to reduce pesticide usage provide the impetus for developing alternative strategies. Ivermectin (IVM), an antiparasitic drug which is widely used in human and veterinary medicine, is a potential alternative for targeted control because <jats:italic>Culex<\/jats:italic> mosquitoes experience increased mortality following ingestion of IVM in bloodmeals.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"sec002\">\n<jats:title>Methodology\/Principal findings<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>We conducted a randomized field trial to investigate the impact of treating backyard chicken flocks with IVM in urban neighborhoods across Davis, California on mosquito populations and WNV transmission dynamics. We observed a significant reduction in WNV seroconversions in treated vs. untreated chickens, suggesting a reduction in WNV transmission intensity around treated flocks. We also detected a reduction in parity rates of <jats:italic>Cx<\/jats:italic>. <jats:italic>tarsalis<\/jats:italic> near treated vs. untreated flocks and increased mortality in wild mosquitoes following a bloodmeal on treated chickens (IVM serum concentration &gt; 5ng\/mL) vs. chickens with IVM serum concentrations &lt; 5 ng\/mL. However, we did not find a significant difference in abundance or infection prevalence in mosquitoes between treatment groups associated with the reductions in seroconversions. Mosquito immigration from surrounding larval habitat, relatively low WNV activity in the study area, and variable IVM serum concentrations likely contributed to uncertainty about the impact.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"sec003\">\n<jats:title>Conclusions\/Significance<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Taken together, our results point to a reduction in WNV transmission due to the impact of IVM on <jats:italic>Culex<\/jats:italic> mosquito populations and support the ongoing investigation of oral administration of IVM to wild birds for local control of WNV transmission, although further work is needed to optimize dosing and understand effects on entomological endpoints.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0010260","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,25]],"date-time":"2022-03-25T17:45:56Z","timestamp":1648230356000},"page":"e0010260","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pntd.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["Effects of ivermectin treatment of backyard chickens on mosquito dynamics and West Nile virus transmission"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9403-3756","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Karen M.","family":"Holcomb","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8772-9088","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Chilinh","family":"Nguyen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Brian D.","family":"Foy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Michelle","family":"Ahn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6006-348X","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Kurt","family":"Cramer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7491-8875","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Emma T.","family":"Lonstrup","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7612-6713","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Asli","family":"Mete","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lisa A.","family":"Tell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7941-346X","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Christopher M.","family":"Barker","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,25]]},"reference":[{"issue":"8","key":"pntd.0010260.ref001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1174","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1108.050289b","article-title":"Virology, pathology, and clinical manifestations of West Nile virus disease","volume":"11","author":"EB Hayes","year":"2005","journal-title":"Emerg Infect Dis"},{"key":"pntd.0010260.ref002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"54","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1749-6632.2001.tb02684.x","article-title":"West Nile virus transmission and ecology in birds","volume":"951","author":"RG McLean","year":"2001","journal-title":"Ann N Y Acad Sci"},{"issue":"4","key":"pntd.0010260.ref003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1121","DOI":"10.1093\/auk\/124.4.1121","article-title":"Ecology of West Nile virus transmission and its impact on birds in the western hemisphere","volume":"124","author":"AM Kilpatrick","year":"2007","journal-title":"Auk"},{"issue":"1","key":"pntd.0010260.ref004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1093\/jmedent\/42.1.57","article-title":"An update on the potential of North American mosquitoes (Diptera: Culicidae) to transmit West Nile virus.","volume":"42","author":"MJ Turell","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Med Entomol"},{"key":"pntd.0010260.ref005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.ento.53.103106.093258","article-title":"A global perspective on the epidemiology of West Nile virus","volume":"53","author":"LD Kramer","year":"2008","journal-title":"Annu Rev Entomol"},{"key":"pntd.0010260.ref006","author":"N. 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