{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,28]],"date-time":"2026-09-28T01:59:14Z","timestamp":1790560754691,"version":"4.1.0"},"update-to":[{"DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0010261","type":"new_version","label":"New version","source":"publisher","updated":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,16]],"date-time":"2022-03-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1647388800000}}],"reference-count":71,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,4]],"date-time":"2022-03-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1646352000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"European Research Commission","award":["614739 A-HERO"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["614739 A-HERO"]}]},{"name":"Rudolf Geigy Stiftung"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosntds.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS Negl Trop Dis"],"abstract":"<jats:sec id=\"sec001\">\n<jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Malnutrition, anemia, micronutrient deficiency and parasitic infections continue to impact the nutritional status and health of children in lower-income countries. However, not enough data concerning this issue is available. The aim of this study was to assess the distribution of nutritional indicators, anemia and micronutrient deficiency and their underlying risk factors among schoolchildren in south-eastern Tanzania.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"sec002\">\n<jats:title>Methodology\/Principal findings<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>This cross-sectional study enrolled primary schoolchildren aged 6\u201312 years from Kikwawila and Kiberege wards, Tanzania. In total, 471 schoolchildren underwent a physical examination and provided blood, stool and urine samples for an assessment of the levels of different micronutrients, nutritional and anemia status, and parasitic infection status. We employed bivariate and multivariate logistic regression to determine the association between nutritional statuses, anemia, micronutrient deficiency and parasitic infections. We found that 23.90%, 12.60% and 16.20% of schoolchildren were stunted, underweight and wasted, respectively. About 14.0% of schoolchildren were found to be anemic. Children diagnosed with <jats:italic>Plasmodium falciparum<\/jats:italic> infection were more likely to have low levels of ferritin (aOR: 10.40, 95% CI: 2.88-40.53) and elevated levels of serum soluble transferrin receptor (aOR: 3.59, 95% CI: 1.27-11.23), respectively. Vitamin A (34.71%) and vitamin B12 (8.79%) were the most prevalent micronutrients found to be deficient in diagnosed children. Finally, we found that schoolchildren attending the most rural schools were five times more likely to be diagnosed with at least one micronutrient deficiency (aOR: 5.04, 95% CI: 2.38\u201311.44).<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"sec003\">\n<jats:title>Conclusions\/Significance<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Malnutrition, anemia and micronutrient deficiency still pose a significant health burden among schoolchildren living in rural Tanzania. To effectively tackle this burden, health interventions such as deworming, micronutrient supplementation, vector control, health education and access to clean water and improved sanitation should be strengthened and made sustainable.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0010261","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,4]],"date-time":"2022-03-04T18:41:24Z","timestamp":1646419284000},"page":"e0010261","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pntd.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":32,"title":["Malnutrition, anemia, micronutrient deficiency and parasitic infections among schoolchildren in rural Tanzania"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6707-7040","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Emmanuel C.","family":"Mrimi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marta S.","family":"Palmeirim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elihaika G.","family":"Minja","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4368-3238","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Kurt Z.","family":"Long","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0290-3521","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Jennifer","family":"Keiser","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"pntd.0010261.ref001","volume-title":"Malnutrition","author":"World Health Organization.","year":"2020"},{"key":"pntd.0010261.ref002","volume-title":"Malnutrition: quantifying the health impact at national and local levels","author":"M Blossner","year":"2005"},{"key":"pntd.0010261.ref003","volume-title":"Nutrition in the WHO African Region","author":"World Health Organization","year":"2017"},{"issue":"5","key":"pntd.0010261.ref004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e12422","DOI":"10.1111\/pim.12422","article-title":"Parasites, nutrition, immune responses and biology of metabolic tissues","volume":"39","author":"T Shea-Donohue","year":"2017","journal-title":"Parasite Immunol"},{"issue":"1","key":"pntd.0010261.ref005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/73.1.53","article-title":"Anthelmintic treatment of rural Bangladeshi children: effect on host physiology, growth, and biochemical status","volume":"73","author":"CA Northrop-Clewes","year":"2001","journal-title":"Am J Clin Nutr"},{"issue":"suppl_5","key":"pntd.0010261.ref006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S46","DOI":"10.1301\/00296640260130731","article-title":"Prevalence of micronutrient malnutrition worldwide.","volume":"60","author":"U. 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