{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,8]],"date-time":"2026-10-08T06:49:42Z","timestamp":1791442182546,"version":"4.3.3"},"reference-count":49,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,28]],"date-time":"2022-04-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1651104000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100005872","name":"Bahir Dar University","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100005872","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Munodo Sano Foundation"},{"name":"National Center of Tropical Medicine, from the Institute of Health Carlos III"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosntds.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS Negl Trop Dis"],"abstract":"<jats:sec id=\"sec001\">\n<jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p><jats:italic>Strongyloides stercoralis<\/jats:italic> is a parasite that causes strongyloidiasis in humans. It is prevalent in the tropics and sub-tropics where poor sanitation is a common problem. The true prevalence of <jats:italic>S<\/jats:italic>. <jats:italic>stercoralis<\/jats:italic> in Ethiopia is underestimated due to the lack of a \u201cGold\u201d standard diagnostic method. Moreover, its prevalence across altitudinal gradient in Amhara Region has not been studied.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"sec002\">\n<jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>A cross-sectional study was conducted among 844 schoolchildren in Amhara Region from April to December 2019. A stool sample was collected from each study participant and processed using formol ether concentration technique (FECT), spontaneous tube sedimentation technique (STST), Baermann concentration technique (BCT), agar plate culture (APC) and real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). Data were entered using EpiData and analyzed by SPSS version 23 statistical software. Prevalence of <jats:italic>S<\/jats:italic>. <jats:italic>stercoralis<\/jats:italic> infection was determined using a single diagnostic technique and combination of techniques. Association of clinical variables with <jats:italic>S<\/jats:italic>. <jats:italic>stercoralis<\/jats:italic> infection was assessed by logistic regression and independent variables with p&lt;0.05 were considered statistically significant.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"sec003\">\n<jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Prevalence of soil-transmitted helminths (STHs) and <jats:italic>S<\/jats:italic>. <jats:italic>mansoni<\/jats:italic> infections was 38.0% and 20.4%, respectively. Among STHs, the prevalence of hookworm infection was 32.8%. Prevalence of <jats:italic>S<\/jats:italic>. <jats:italic>stercoralis<\/jats:italic> infection was 39.0%, 28.8%, 10.9%, 10.3%, 4.0% and 2.0% by the respective, combinations of the five methods, RT-PCR, APC, BCT, STST and FECT. The highest prevalence rates, 48.2%, 45.0% and 41.1% of <jats:italic>S<\/jats:italic>. <jats:italic>stercoralis<\/jats:italic> were recorded in the age group of 12\u201314 years, males and rural dwellers, respectively. Prevalence rates of <jats:italic>S<\/jats:italic>. <jats:italic>stercoralis<\/jats:italic> infection in highland, semi-highland and lowland areas were 40.4%, 41.8% and 25.9%, respectively. Having abdominal pain (AOR = 2.48; 95% CI:1.65\u20133.72), cough (AOR = 1.63;95%CI:1.09\u20132.42), urticaria (AOR = 2.49;95%CI:1.50\u20134.01) and being malnourished (AOR = 1.44;95%:1.10\u20132.01) were significantly associated with strongyloidiasis.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"sec004\">\n<jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Prevalence of <jats:italic>S<\/jats:italic>. <jats:italic>stercoralis<\/jats:italic> infection was high and varied across different altitudes in Amhara Region. Some clinical syndromes were found to be significantly associated with <jats:italic>S<\/jats:italic>. <jats:italic>stercoralis<\/jats:italic> infection. Therefore, proper diagnosis and preventive strategies against <jats:italic>S<\/jats:italic>. <jats:italic>stercoralis<\/jats:italic> infection are highly recommended to be devised and implemented in Amhara Region.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0010299","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,28]],"date-time":"2022-04-28T17:42:52Z","timestamp":1651167772000},"page":"e0010299","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pntd.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["Prevalence of Strongyloides stercoralis infection and associated clinical symptoms among schoolchildren living in different altitudes of Amhara National Regional State, northwest Ethiopia"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0116-1888","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Tadesse Hailu","family":"Jember","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8576-9051","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Arancha","family":"Amor","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7063-2877","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Endalkachew","family":"Nibret","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1469-2189","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Abaineh","family":"Munshea","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2597-3100","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Maria","family":"Flores-Chavez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Thuy-Huong","family":"Ta-Tang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8950-5766","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Jose M","family":"Saugar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8229-5540","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Agust\u00edn","family":"Benito","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Melaku","family":"Anegagrie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,28]]},"reference":[{"issue":"6","key":"pntd.0010299.ref001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"468","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens9060468","article-title":"The Global Prevalence of Strongyloides stercoralis Infection","volume":"9","author":"D Buonfrate","year":"2020","journal-title":"Pathogens"},{"key":"pntd.0010299.ref002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1186\/s40249-020-00750-y","article-title":"Strongyloides stercoralis prevalence and diagnostics in Vientiane, Lao People\u2019s Democratic Republic","volume":"9","author":"S Chankongsin","year":"2020","journal-title":"Infect Dis Poverty"},{"key":"pntd.0010299.ref003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1186\/s40249-019-0555-3","article-title":"Strongyloidiasis in Ethiopia: systematic review on risk factors, diagnosis, prevalence and clinical outcomes","volume":"8","author":"T Yitagele","year":"2019","journal-title":"Infect Dis Poverty"},{"key":"pntd.0010299.ref004","first-page":"2868564","article-title":"Strongyloidiasis in Africa: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis on Prevalence, Diagnostic Methods, and Study Settings","volume":"2020","author":"H Tadesse","year":"2020","journal-title":"BioMed Res Int"},{"issue":"1","key":"pntd.0010299.ref005","first-page":"72","article-title":"Anegagrie, M. 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