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While it is well-established that eBL is not related to other human malaria parasites, the impact of EBV infection on the generation of human malaria immunity remains largely unexplored. Considering that this highly prevalent herpesvirus establishes a lifelong persistent infection on B-cells with possible influence on malaria immunity, we hypothesized that EBV co-infection could have impact on the naturally acquired antibody responses to\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      .\n                      <jats:italic>vivax<\/jats:italic>\n                      , the most widespread human malaria parasite.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"sec002\">\n                    <jats:title>Methodology\/Principal findings<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      The study design involved three cross-sectional surveys at six-month intervals (baseline, 6 and 12 months) among long-term\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      .\n                      <jats:italic>vivax<\/jats:italic>\n                      exposed individuals living in the Amazon rainforest. The approach focused on a group of malaria-exposed individuals whose EBV-DNA (amplification of\n                      <jats:italic>balf-5<\/jats:italic>\n                      gene) was persistently detected in the peripheral blood (PersV\n                      <jats:sub>DNA<\/jats:sub>\n                      , n = 27), and an age-matched malaria-exposed group whose EBV-DNA could never be detected during the follow-up (NegV\n                      <jats:sub>DNA<\/jats:sub>\n                      , n = 29). During the follow-up period, the serological detection of EBV antibodies to lytic\/ latent viral antigens showed that IgG antibodies to viral capsid antigen (VCA-p18) were significantly different between groups (PersV\n                      <jats:sub>DNA<\/jats:sub>\n                      &gt; NegV\n                      <jats:sub>DNA<\/jats:sub>\n                      ). A panel of blood-stage\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      .\n                      <jats:italic>vivax<\/jats:italic>\n                      antigens covering a wide range of immunogenicity confirmed that in general PersV\n                      <jats:sub>DNA<\/jats:sub>\n                      group showed low levels of antibodies as compared with NegV\n                      <jats:sub>DNA<\/jats:sub>\n                      . Interestingly, more significant differences were observed to a novel DBPII immunogen, named DEKnull-2, which has been associated with long-term neutralizing antibody response. Differences between groups were less pronounced with blood-stage antigens (such as MSP1-19) whose levels can fluctuate according to malaria transmission.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"sec003\">\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions\/Significance<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      In a proof-of-concept study we provide evidence that a persistent detection of EBV-DNA in peripheral blood of adults in a\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      .\n                      <jats:italic>vivax<\/jats:italic>\n                      semi-immune population may impact the long-term immune response to major malaria vaccine candidates.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0010305","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,3]],"date-time":"2022-08-03T13:39:32Z","timestamp":1659533972000},"page":"e0010305","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pntd.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Impact of Epstein-Barr virus co-infection on natural acquired Plasmodium vivax antibody response"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Michelle H. 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