{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,18]],"date-time":"2026-09-18T00:49:56Z","timestamp":1789692596300,"version":"4.0.1"},"update-to":[{"DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0010306","type":"new_version","label":"New version","source":"publisher","updated":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,7]],"date-time":"2022-04-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1649289600000}}],"reference-count":73,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,28]],"date-time":"2022-03-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1648425600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100004440","name":"Wellcome Trust","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["106158\/Z\/14\/Z"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["106158\/Z\/14\/Z"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100004440","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100007601","name":"Horizon 2020","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["#845681"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["#845681"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100007601","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000925","name":"National Health and Medical Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["GNT1195210"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["GNT1195210"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000925","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000925","name":"National Health and Medical Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["GNT1174555"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["GNT1174555"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000925","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100008717","name":"Sylvia and Charles Viertel Charitable Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100008717","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000865","name":"Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["OPP1175797"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["OPP1175797"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000865","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosntds.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS Negl Trop Dis"],"abstract":"<jats:sec id=\"sec001\">\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Typhoid fever, a systemic infection caused by\n                      <jats:italic>Salmonella enterica<\/jats:italic>\n                      serovar Typhi, remains a considerable public health threat in impoverished regions within many low- and middle-income settings. However, we still lack a detailed understanding of the emergence, population structure, molecular mechanisms of antimicrobial resistance (AMR), and transmission dynamics of\n                      <jats:italic>S<\/jats:italic>\n                      . Typhi across many settings, particularly throughout the Asia-Pacific islands. Here we present a comprehensive whole genome sequence (WGS) based overview of\n                      <jats:italic>S<\/jats:italic>\n                      . Typhi populations circulating in Papua New Guinea (PNG) over 30 years.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"sec002\">\n                    <jats:title>Principle findings<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Bioinformatic analysis of 86\n                      <jats:italic>S<\/jats:italic>\n                      . Typhi isolates collected between 1980\u20132010 demonstrated that the population structure of PNG is dominated by a single genotype (2.1.7) that appears to have emerged in the Indonesian archipelago in the mid-twentieth century with minimal evidence of inter-country transmission. Genotypic and phenotypic data demonstrated that the PNG\n                      <jats:italic>S<\/jats:italic>\n                      . Typhi population appears to be susceptible to former first line drugs for treating typhoid fever (chloramphenicol, ampicillin and co-trimoxazole), as well as fluoroquinolones, third generation cephalosporins, and macrolides. PNG genotype 2.1.7 was genetically conserved, with very few deletions, and no evidence of plasmid or prophage acquisition. Genetic variation among this population was attributed to either single point mutations, or homologous recombination adjacent to repetitive ribosomal RNA operons.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"sec003\">\n                    <jats:title>Significance<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Antimicrobials remain an effective option for the treatment of typhoid fever in PNG, along with other intervention strategies including improvements to water, sanitation and hygiene (WaSH) related infrastructure and potentially the introduction of Vi-conjugate vaccines. However, continued genomic surveillance is warranted to monitor for the emergence of AMR within local populations, or the introduction of AMR associated genotypes of\n                      <jats:italic>S<\/jats:italic>\n                      . Typhi in this setting.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0010306","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,28]],"date-time":"2022-03-28T13:29:54Z","timestamp":1648474194000},"page":"e0010306","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pntd.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Whole genome sequence analysis of Salmonella Typhi in Papua New Guinea reveals an established population of genotype 2.1.7 sensitive to antimicrobials"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8887-3492","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Zoe Anne","family":"Dyson","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elisheba","family":"Malau","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9622-0742","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Paul F.","family":"Horwood","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rebecca","family":"Ford","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1113-2407","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Valentine","family":"Siba","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mition","family":"Yoannes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"William","family":"Pomat","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5766-0235","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Megan","family":"Passey","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3613-4839","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Louise M.","family":"Judd","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Danielle J.","family":"Ingle","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Deborah A.","family":"Williamson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gordon","family":"Dougan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andrew R.","family":"Greenhill","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3949-2471","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Kathryn E.","family":"Holt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"pntd.0010306.ref001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1770","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra020201","article-title":"Typhoid fever","volume":"347","author":"C Parry","year":"2002","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"pntd.0010306.ref002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"369","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(18)30685-6","article-title":"The global burden of typhoid and paratyphoid fevers: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017","volume":"19","author":"GBD 2017 Typhoid and Paratyphoid Collaborators","year":"2019","journal-title":"Lancet Infect Dis"},{"key":"pntd.0010306.ref003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"623","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(05)70239-5","article-title":"Typhoid and paratyphoid fever in travellers","volume":"5","author":"B Connor","year":"2005","journal-title":"Lancet Infect Dis"},{"key":"pntd.0010306.ref004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"244","DOI":"10.1093\/clinids\/7.2.244","article-title":"Typhoid fever complicated by intestinal perforation: a persisting fatal disease requiring surgical management","volume":"7","author":"T Butler","year":"1985","journal-title":"Rev Infect Dis"},{"key":"pntd.0010306.ref005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S4","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciy846","article-title":"Progress in Typhoid Fever Epidemiology","volume":"68","author":"J. 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