{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,16]],"date-time":"2026-09-16T07:01:07Z","timestamp":1789542067759,"version":"build-2803163510"},"update-to":[{"DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0010307","type":"new_version","label":"New version","source":"publisher","updated":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,14]],"date-time":"2022-04-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1649894400000}}],"reference-count":82,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,4]],"date-time":"2022-04-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1649030400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100022083","name":"VLIR-UOS","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100022083","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosntds.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS Negl Trop Dis"],"abstract":"<jats:sec id=\"sec001\">\n<jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>It remains largely unknown where and how infections with soil-transmitted helminths (STHs; <jats:italic>Ascaris<\/jats:italic>, <jats:italic>Trichuris<\/jats:italic>, <jats:italic>Necator<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>Ancylostoma<\/jats:italic>) occur. We therefore aimed to identify possible sources of infection by assessing the environmental contamination in an STH-endemic area.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"sec002\">\n<jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>We first performed a series of laboratory experiments designed to optimize a soil straining-flotation method to detect and quantify <jats:italic>Ascaris<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>Trichuris<\/jats:italic> eggs in soil, and to validate the diagnostic performance of the optimized method when followed by microscopy and qPCR. In a second phase, we applied this method to assess the level of STH contamination in 399 environmental samples collected from 10 school compounds, 50 households and 9 open markets in Jimma Town (Ethiopia). Subsequently, we explored associations between the environmental contamination and both the corresponding STH epidemiology at the level of the schools and the household characteristics. Finally, we assessed the knowledge, attitude and practice (KAP) towards STHs in school children.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"sec003\">\n<jats:title>Principal findings<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Our soil straining-flotation method has an analytical sensitivity of 50 eggs per 100 grams of soil and egg recovery rate of 36.0% (<jats:italic>Ascaris<\/jats:italic>) and 8.0% (<jats:italic>Trichuris<\/jats:italic>). The analysis of field samples with both microscopy and qPCR revealed the presence of 8 different helminth species of medical importance, including but not limited to the human STHs. There was a significant association between the environmental contamination and prevalence of any STH infections at the school level only. The KAP indicated a lack of knowledge and awareness of STHs.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"sec004\">\n<jats:title>Conclusions\/Significance<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Our optimized straining-flotation method has a moderate diagnostic performance and revealed that life stages of helminths are ubiquitous in the environment, which might be due to the poor sanitary facilities at both the schools and the households, and a poor level of KAP towards STHs. Further research is required to gain more insights into the contribution of these life stages to transmission.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0010307","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,4]],"date-time":"2022-04-04T17:34:35Z","timestamp":1649093675000},"page":"e0010307","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pntd.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":29,"title":["Assessment of environmental contamination with soil-transmitted helminths life stages at school compounds, households and open markets in Jimma Town, Ethiopia"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Bamlaku","family":"Tadege","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zeleke","family":"Mekonnen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Daniel","family":"Dana","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bizuwarek","family":"Sharew","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eden","family":"Dereje","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0003-2734","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Eskindir","family":"Loha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jaco J.","family":"Verweij","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stijn","family":"Casaert","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3601-9825","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Johnny","family":"Vlaminck","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mio","family":"Ayana","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8912-5595","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Bruno","family":"Levecke","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,4]]},"reference":[{"issue":"9674","key":"pntd.0010307.ref001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1570","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(09)60233-6","article-title":"Rescuing the bottom billion through control of neglected tropical diseases","volume":"373","author":"PJ Hotez","year":"2009","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"9521","key":"pntd.0010307.ref002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1521","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(06)68653-4","article-title":"Soil-transmitted helminth infections: ascariasis, trichuriasis, and hookworm","volume":"367","author":"J Bethony","year":"2006","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"67","key":"pntd.0010307.ref003","article-title":"Environmental contamination by canine geohelminths","volume":"7","author":"D Traversa","year":"2014","journal-title":"Parasit Vectors"},{"issue":"10117","key":"pntd.0010307.ref004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"252","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(17)31930-X","article-title":"Soil-transmitted helminth infections","volume":"391","author":"PM Jourdan","year":"2018","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"10159","key":"pntd.0010307.ref005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1859","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(18)32335-3","article-title":"Global, regional, and national disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs) for 359 diseases and injuries and healthy life expectancy (HALE) for 195 countries and territories, 1990\u20132017: a systematic analysis for the global burden of disease study 2017","volume":"392","author":"GBD 2017 DALYs and HALE Collaborators","year":"2018","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"pntd.0010307.ref006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"221","DOI":"10.1016\/S0065-308X(05)62007-6","article-title":"Global epidemiology, ecology and control of soil-transmitted helminth infections","volume":"62","author":"S Brooker","year":"2006","journal-title":"Adv Parasitol"},{"key":"pntd.0010307.ref007","unstructured":"World Health Organization. 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