{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,23]],"date-time":"2026-09-23T18:30:26Z","timestamp":1790188226534,"version":"4.1.0"},"update-to":[{"DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0010321","type":"new_version","label":"New version","source":"publisher","updated":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,12]],"date-time":"2022-10-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1665532800000}}],"reference-count":34,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,30]],"date-time":"2022-09-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1664496000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100014013","name":"UKRI","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["MR\/S03286X\/1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MR\/S03286X\/1"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100014013","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosntds.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS Negl Trop Dis"],"abstract":"\n Background<\/jats:title>\n Limited understanding exists about the interactions between malaria and soil-transmitted helminths (STH), their potential geographical overlap and the factors driving it. This study characterised the geographical and co-clustered distribution patterns of malaria and STH infections among vulnerable populations in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA).<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Methodology\/Principal findings<\/jats:title>\n \n We obtained continuous estimates of malaria prevalence from the Malaria Atlas Project (MAP) and STH prevalence surveys from the WHO-driven Expanded Special Project for the Elimination of NTDs (ESPEN) from Jan 1, 2000, to Dec 31, 2018. Although, MAP provides datasets on the estimated prevalence of\n Plasmodium falciparum<\/jats:italic>\n at 5km x 5km fine-scale resolution, we calculated the population-weighted prevalence of malaria for each implementation unit to ensure that both malaria and STH datasets were on the same spatial resolution. We incorporated survey data from 5,935 implementation units for STH prevalence and conducted the prevalence point estimates before and after 2003. We used the bivariate local indicator of spatial association (LISA analysis) to explore potential co-clustering of both diseases at the implementation unit levels among children aged 2\u201310 years for\n P<\/jats:italic>\n .\n falciparum<\/jats:italic>\n and 5\u201314 years for STH, living in SSA.\n <\/jats:p>\n \n Our analysis shows that prior to 2003, a greater number of SSA countries had a high prevalence of co-endemicity with\n P<\/jats:italic>\n .\n falciparium<\/jats:italic>\n and any STH species than during the period from 2003\u20132018. Similar prevalence and distribution patterns were observed for the co-endemicity involving\n P<\/jats:italic>\n .\n falciparum<\/jats:italic>\n -hookworm,\n P<\/jats:italic>\n .\n falciparum-Ascaris lumbricoides<\/jats:italic>\n and\n P<\/jats:italic>\n .\n falciparum-Trichuris trichiura<\/jats:italic>\n , before and after 2003.\n <\/jats:p>\n \n We also observed spatial variations in the estimates of the prevalence of\n P<\/jats:italic>\n .\n falciparum<\/jats:italic>\n -STH co-endemicity and identified hotspots across many countries in SSA with inter-and intra-country variations. High\n P<\/jats:italic>\n .\n falciparum<\/jats:italic>\n and high hookworm co-endemicity was more prevalent in West and Central Africa, whereas high\n P<\/jats:italic>\n .\n falciparum<\/jats:italic>\n with high\n A<\/jats:italic>\n .\n lumbricoides<\/jats:italic>\n and high\n P<\/jats:italic>\n .\n falciparum<\/jats:italic>\n with high\n T<\/jats:italic>\n .\n trichiura<\/jats:italic>\n co-endemicity were more predominant in Central Africa, compared to other sub-regions in SSA.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Conclusions\/Significance<\/jats:title>\n Wide spatial heterogeneity exists in the prevalence of malaria and STH co-endemicity within the regions and within countries in SSA. The geographical overlap and spatial co-existence of malaria and STH could be exploited to achieve effective control and elimination agendas through the integration of the vertical control programmes designed for malaria and STH into a more comprehensive and sustainable community-based paradigm.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0010321","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,30]],"date-time":"2022-09-30T13:57:48Z","timestamp":1664546268000},"page":"e0010321","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pntd.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":30,"title":["Prevalence and distribution pattern of malaria and soil-transmitted helminth co-endemicity in sub-Saharan Africa, 2000\u20132018: A geospatial analysis"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9967-6419","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Muhammed O.","family":"Afolabi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Adekola","family":"Adebiyi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jorge","family":"Cano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Benn","family":"Sartorius","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Brian","family":"Greenwood","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Olatunji","family":"Johnson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Oghenebrume","family":"Wariri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,30]]},"reference":[{"issue":"6_Suppl","key":"pntd.0010321.ref001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"88","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.2007.77.88","article-title":"Epidemiology of Plasmodium-Helminth Co-Infection in Africa: Populations at Risk, Potential Impact on Anemia, and Prospects for Combining Control","volume":"77","author":"S Brooker","year":"2007","journal-title":"The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene"},{"key":"pntd.0010321.ref002","unstructured":"World malaria report 2021. 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