{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,16]],"date-time":"2026-05-16T11:51:01Z","timestamp":1778932261863,"version":"3.51.4"},"update-to":[{"DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0010347","type":"new_version","label":"New version","source":"publisher","updated":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,1]],"date-time":"2022-11-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1667260800000}}],"reference-count":70,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,20]],"date-time":"2022-10-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1666224000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100015691","name":"Division of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["U19AI074321"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["U19AI074321"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100015691","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosntds.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS Negl Trop Dis"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Leishmaniasis on the Indian subcontinent is thought to have an anthroponotic transmission cycle. There is no direct evidence that a mammalian host other than humans can be infected with <jats:italic>Leishmania donovani<\/jats:italic> and transmit infection to the sand fly vector. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the impact of sand fly feeding on other domestic species and provide clinical evidence regarding possible non-human reservoirs through experimental sand fly feeding on cows, water buffalo goats and rodents. We performed xenodiagnosis using colonized <jats:italic>Phlebotomus argentipes<\/jats:italic> sand flies to feed on animals residing in villages with active <jats:italic>Leishmania<\/jats:italic> transmission based on current human cases. Xenodiagnoses on mammals within the endemic area were performed and blood-fed flies were analyzed for the presence of <jats:italic>Leishmania<\/jats:italic> via qPCR 48hrs after feeding. Blood samples were also collected from these mammals for qPCR and serology. Although we found evidence of <jats:italic>Leishmania<\/jats:italic> infection within some domestic mammals, they were not infectious to vector sand flies. Monitoring infection in sand flies and non-human blood meal sources in endemic villages leads to scientific proof of exposure and parasitemia in resident mammals. Lack of infectiousness of these domestic mammals to vector sand flies indicates that they likely play no role, or a very limited role in <jats:italic>Leishmania donovani<\/jats:italic> transmission to people in Bihar. Therefore, a surveillance system in the peri-\/post-elimination phase of visceral leishmaniasis (VL) must monitor absence of transmission. Continued surveillance of domestic mammals in outbreak villages is necessary to ensure that a non-human reservoir is not established, including domestic mammals not present in this study, specifically dogs.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0010347","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,20]],"date-time":"2022-10-20T18:41:13Z","timestamp":1666291273000},"page":"e0010347","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pntd.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Livestock and rodents within an endemic focus of Visceral Leishmaniasis are not reservoir hosts for Leishmania donovani"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Anurag Kumar","family":"Kushwaha","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ashish","family":"Shukla","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Breanna M.","family":"Scorza","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Tulika","family":"Kumari Rai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Rahul","family":"Chaubey","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Dharmendra","family":"Kumar Maurya","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Shweta","family":"Srivastva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Shreya","family":"Upadhyay","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Abhishek","family":"Kumar Singh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Paritosh","family":"Malviya","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Om Prakash","family":"Singh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Vivek","family":"Kumar Scholar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Puja","family":"Tiwary","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Shakti Kumar","family":"Singh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Phillip","family":"Lawyer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Edgar","family":"Rowton","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Scott A.","family":"Bernhardt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7285-4254","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Christine A.","family":"Petersen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Shyam","family":"Sundar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,20]]},"reference":[{"issue":"25","key":"pntd.0010347.ref001","first-page":"265","volume":"95","author":"mondiale de la Sant\u00e9 O, hebdomadaire WHOJWERR\u00e9","year":"2020","journal-title":"Global leishmaniasis surveillance, 2017\u20132018, and first report on 5 additional indicators\u2013Surveillance mondiale de la leishmaniose, 2017\u20132018, et premier rapport sur 5 indicateurs suppl\u00e9mentaires"},{"issue":"10151","key":"pntd.0010347.ref002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"951","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(18)31204-2","article-title":"Leishmaniasis","volume":"392","author":"S Burza","year":"2018","journal-title":"The Lancet"},{"issue":"4","key":"pntd.0010347.ref003","first-page":"430","volume":"145","author":"O Espinosa","year":"2018","journal-title":"An appraisal of the taxonomy and nomenclature of trypanosomatids presently classified as Leishmania and Endotrypanum"},{"key":"pntd.0010347.ref004","volume-title":"Leishmaniasis fact sheet Geneva","author":"World Health Organization","year":"2020"},{"key":"pntd.0010347.ref005","article-title":"Accelerated Plan for Kala-azar Elimination 2017","author":"Programme DoNVBDC","year":"2017","journal-title":"Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, government of India, New Delhi"},{"issue":"n\/a","key":"pntd.0010347.ref006","article-title":"Domestic mammals as reservoirs for Leishmania donovani on the Indian subcontinent: Possibility and consequences on elimination","volume":"n\/a","author":"AK Kushwaha","year":"2021","journal-title":"Transbound Emerg Dis"},{"key":"pntd.0010347.ref007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-3156.2010.02515.x","article-title":"Risk factors for visceral leishmaniasis in India: further evidence on the role of domestic animals","volume":"15","author":"S Singh","year":"2010","journal-title":"Tropical Medicine & International Health"},{"issue":"11","key":"pntd.0010347.ref008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0001405","article-title":"Visceral leishmaniasis in the Indian subcontinent: modelling epidemiology and control","volume":"5","author":"A Stauch","year":"2011","journal-title":"Plos Neglect Trop D"},{"key":"pntd.0010347.ref009","unstructured":"Number of cases of visceral leishmaniasis reported [Internet]. 2021. Available from: https:\/\/www.who.int\/data\/gho\/data\/indicators\/indicator-details\/GHO\/number-of-cases-of-visceral-leishmaniasis-reported."},{"key":"pntd.0010347.ref010","first-page":"206","volume":"11","author":"J Bindroo","year":"2021","journal-title":"Optimizing village-level targeting of active case detection to support visceral leishmaniasis elimination in India"},{"key":"pntd.0010347.ref011","first-page":"58","article-title":"Biology of phlebotomine sand flies as vectors of disease agents","author":"PD Ready","year":"2013","journal-title":"Annu Rev Entomol"},{"issue":"1","key":"pntd.0010347.ref012","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0006168","article-title":"Bionomics of Phlebotomus argentipes in villages in Bihar, India with insights into efficacy of IRS-based control measures","volume":"12","author":"DM Poche","year":"2018","journal-title":"Plos Neglect Trop D"},{"issue":"2","key":"pntd.0010347.ref013","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e599","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0000599","article-title":"Of cattle, sand flies and men: a systematic review of risk factor analyses for South Asian visceral leishmaniasis and implications for elimination","volume":"4","author":"C Bern","year":"2010","journal-title":"PLoS neglected tropical diseases"},{"issue":"10","key":"pntd.0010347.ref014","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1662","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1810.111083","article-title":"Visceral leishmaniasis in rural bihar, India","volume":"18","author":"E Hasker","year":"2012","journal-title":"Emerg Infect Dis"},{"issue":"1","key":"pntd.0010347.ref015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-016-1309-8","article-title":"Understanding the transmission dynamics of Leishmania donovani to provide robust evidence for interventions to eliminate visceral leishmaniasis in Bihar, India","volume":"9","author":"MM Cameron","year":"2016","journal-title":"Parasite Vector"},{"key":"pntd.0010347.ref016","first-page":"64","article-title":"Spatial models of interacting populations","author":"M. Keeling","year":"1999","journal-title":"Wiley Online Library"},{"issue":"2","key":"pntd.0010347.ref017","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"231","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1602.090623","article-title":"Domestic animals and epidemiology of visceral leishmaniasis, Nepal","volume":"16","author":"NR Bhattarai","year":"2010","journal-title":"Emerging infectious diseases"},{"issue":"1","key":"pntd.0010347.ref018","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"64","DOI":"10.1645\/GE-3085.1","article-title":"Animal reservoirs of visceral leishmaniasis in India","volume":"99","author":"N Singh","year":"2013","journal-title":"Journal of Parasitology"},{"issue":"1","key":"pntd.0010347.ref019","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1292\/jvms.12-0134","article-title":"PCR-based detection of Leishmania donovani DNA in a stray dog from a visceral leishmaniasis endemic focus in Bangladesh","volume":"75","author":"MZ Alam","year":"2013","journal-title":"Journal of Veterinary Medical Science"},{"key":"pntd.0010347.ref020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"64","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2017.03.006","article-title":"Domestic dogs as reservoir hosts for Leishmania donovani in the southernmost Western Ghats in India","volume":"171","author":"P Jambulingam","year":"2017","journal-title":"Acta tropica"},{"issue":"1","key":"pntd.0010347.ref021","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"52","DOI":"10.4103\/0378-6323.45221","article-title":"The rK39 immunochromatic dipstick testing: a study for K39 seroprevalence in dogs and human leishmaniasis patients for possible animal reservoir of cutaneous and visceral leishmaniasis in endemic focus of Satluj river valley of Himachal Pradesh (India)","volume":"75","author":"NL Sharma","year":"2009","journal-title":"Indian Journal of Dermatology, Venereology, and Leprology"},{"issue":"1","key":"pntd.0010347.ref022","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"174","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-020-04057-7","article-title":"Stray dogs in Nepal have high prevalence of vector-borne pathogens: a molecular survey","volume":"13","author":"D D\u00edaz-Rega\u00f1\u00f3n","year":"2020","journal-title":"Parasite Vector"},{"issue":"4","key":"pntd.0010347.ref023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"795","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.16-0151","article-title":"Molecular and serological evidence of Leishmania infection in stray dogs from visceral leishmaniasis\u2013endemic areas of Bangladesh","volume":"95","author":"S Akter","year":"2016","journal-title":"The American journal of tropical medicine and hygiene"},{"issue":"1","key":"pntd.0010347.ref024","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1186\/1746-6148-7-27","article-title":"Survey of domestic cattle for anti-Leishmania antibodies and LeishmaniaDNA in a visceral leishmaniasis endemic area of Bangladesh","volume":"7","author":"MS Alam","year":"2011","journal-title":"BMC veterinary research"},{"issue":"3","key":"pntd.0010347.ref025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"242","DOI":"10.4103\/0972-9062.249484","article-title":"An investigation about the possible role of cattle and goats as reservoir hosts for Leishmania donovani in Bangladesh","volume":"55","author":"MZ Alam","year":"2018","journal-title":"Journal of vector borne diseases"},{"key":"pntd.0010347.ref026","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2015.02.006","article-title":"Detection of Leishmania donovani and L. tropica in Ethiopian wild rodents","volume":"145","author":"A Kassahun","year":"2015","journal-title":"Acta Trop"},{"issue":"3","key":"pntd.0010347.ref027","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"255","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1865-1682.2011.01209.x","article-title":"Serological Evidence of Leishmania donovani Infection in Apparently Healthy Dogs using Direct Agglutination Test (DAT) and rk39 Dipstick Tests in Kafta Humera, north-west Ethiopia","volume":"58","author":"S Kalayou","year":"2011","journal-title":"Transboundary and emerging diseases"},{"issue":"1","key":"pntd.0010347.ref028","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1016\/S0035-9203(00)90429-2","article-title":"Detection of antibodies to Leishmania donovani in animals in a kala-azar endemic region in eastern Sudan: a preliminary report","volume":"94","author":"MM Mukhtar","year":"2000","journal-title":"Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg"},{"key":"pntd.0010347.ref029","first-page":"e51243","volume":"9","author":"SU Franssen","year":"2020","journal-title":"Global genome diversity of the Leishmania donovani complex"},{"issue":"3","key":"pntd.0010347.ref030","first-page":"251","article-title":"Wild and synanthropic reservoirs of Leishmania species in the Americas.","volume":"3","author":"ALR Roque","year":"2014","journal-title":"International Journal for Parasitology: Parasites and Wildlife."},{"issue":"5","key":"pntd.0010347.ref031","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"655","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1105.040718","article-title":"Risk factors for kala-azar in Bangladesh","volume":"11","author":"C Bern","year":"2005","journal-title":"Emerging infectious diseases"},{"issue":"3","key":"pntd.0010347.ref032","first-page":"184","volume":"63","author":"C Bern","year":"2000","journal-title":"Factors associated with visceral leishmaniasis in Nepal: bed-net use is strongly protective"},{"issue":"4","key":"pntd.0010347.ref033","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"778","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.12-0442","article-title":"Visceral leishmaniasis prevalence and associated risk factors in the saran district of Bihar, India, from 2009 to July of 2011","volume":"88","author":"D Perry","year":"2013","journal-title":"The American journal of tropical medicine and hygiene"},{"issue":"4","key":"pntd.0010347.ref034","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"720","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.2005.73.720","article-title":"Virgin soil: the spread of visceral leishmaniasis into Uttar Pradesh, India","volume":"73","author":"PG Barnett","year":"2005","journal-title":"The American journal of tropical medicine and hygiene"},{"issue":"7","key":"pntd.0010347.ref035","first-page":"737","article-title":"Gupte MDJTotRSoTM, Hygiene","volume":"103","author":"S Saha","year":"2009","journal-title":"Visceral leishmaniasis is preventable in a highly endemic village in West Bengal, India"},{"issue":"6","key":"pntd.0010347.ref036","first-page":"251","volume":"31","author":"KS Rock","year":"2015","journal-title":"Uniting mathematics and biology for control of visceral leishmaniasis"},{"key":"pntd.0010347.ref037","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1016\/bs.apar.2016.08.001","article-title":"Progress in the mathematical modelling of visceral leishmaniasis","author":"K Rock","year":"2016","journal-title":"Advances in parasitology. 94: Elsevier"},{"issue":"12","key":"pntd.0010347.ref038","first-page":"200904","volume":"7","author":"S Bilal","year":"2020","journal-title":"Complexity and critical thresholds in the dynamics of visceral leishmaniasis"},{"issue":"8","key":"pntd.0010347.ref039","first-page":"e0008363","volume":"14","author":"OP Singh","year":"2020","journal-title":"Xenodiagnosis to address key questions in visceral leishmaniasis control and elimination"},{"issue":"5","key":"pntd.0010347.ref040","first-page":"1450","volume":"43","author":"P Malaviya","year":"2014","journal-title":"Health & Demographic surveillance system profile: the Muzaffarpur-TMRC health and demographic surveillance system"},{"issue":"5","key":"pntd.0010347.ref041","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1129","DOI":"10.1093\/jme\/tjx099","article-title":"Establishing, Expanding, and Certifying a Closed Colony of Phlebotomus argentipes (Diptera: Psychodidae) for Xenodiagnostic Studies at the Kala Azar Medical Research Center, Muzaffarpur, Bihar, India","volume":"54","author":"P Tiwary","year":"2017","journal-title":"Journal of Medical Entomology"},{"issue":"1","key":"pntd.0010347.ref042","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e23","DOI":"10.1016\/S2666-5247(20)30166-X","article-title":"Xenodiagnosis to evaluate the infectiousness of humans to sandflies in an area endemic for visceral leishmaniasis in Bihar, India: a transmission-dynamics study","volume":"2","author":"OP Singh","year":"2021","journal-title":"Lancet Microbe"},{"issue":"12","key":"pntd.0010347.ref043","first-page":"2209","volume":"21","author":"RG Schaut","year":"2015","journal-title":"Vectorborne transmission of Leishmania infantum from hounds, United States"},{"key":"pntd.0010347.ref044","first-page":"110","volume":"229","author":"LS Borja","year":"2016","journal-title":"Parasite load in the blood and skin of dogs naturally infected by Leishmania infantum is correlated with their capacity to infect sand fly vectors"},{"issue":"1","key":"pntd.0010347.ref045","first-page":"1","volume":"8","author":"JS Doehl","year":"2017","journal-title":"Skin parasite landscape determines host infectiousness in visceral leishmaniasis"},{"issue":"10","key":"pntd.0010347.ref046","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0009366","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0009366","article-title":"Leishmania infantum xenodiagnosis from vertically infected dogs reveals significant skin tropism","volume":"15","author":"BM Scorza","year":"2021","journal-title":"PLoS neglected tropical diseases"},{"issue":"12","key":"pntd.0010347.ref047","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e3366","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0003366","article-title":"Quantitative PCR in Epidemiology for Early Detection of Visceral Leishmaniasis Cases in India","volume":"8","author":"M Sudarshan","year":"2014","journal-title":"PLoS neglected tropical diseases"},{"issue":"4","key":"pntd.0010347.ref048","first-page":"e61370","volume":"8","author":"P Tiwary","year":"2013","journal-title":"Seasonal variation in the prevalence of sand flies infected with Leishmania donovani"},{"issue":"11","key":"pntd.0010347.ref049","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3892","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.r00764-11","article-title":"Serial quantitative PCR assay for detection, species discrimination, and quantification of Leishmania spp. in human samples","volume":"49","author":"JL Weirather","year":"2011","journal-title":"Journal of clinical microbiology"},{"issue":"11","key":"pntd.0010347.ref050","first-page":"1390","volume":"15","author":"B Khanal","year":"2010","journal-title":"Serological markers for leishmania donovani infection in Nepal: Agreement between direct agglutination test and rK39 ELISA"},{"issue":"3","key":"pntd.0010347.ref051","first-page":"e0007216","volume":"13","author":"J Chakravarty","year":"2019","journal-title":"Determinants for progression from asymptomatic infection to symptomatic visceral leishmaniasis: A cohort study"},{"issue":"3","key":"pntd.0010347.ref052","first-page":"670","volume":"12","author":"K Cloots","year":"2022","journal-title":"Diagnosis of Visceral Leishmaniasis in an Elimination Setting: A Validation Study of the Diagnostic Algorithm in India"},{"issue":"6","key":"pntd.0010347.ref053","first-page":"2546","volume":"66","author":"C Mu\u00f1oz","year":"2019","journal-title":"Molecular xenomonitoring and host identification of Leishmania sand fly vectors in a Mediterranean periurban wildlife park"},{"key":"pntd.0010347.ref054","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2012.00121","article-title":"Biomarkers for exposure to sand flies bites as tools to aid control of leishmaniasis","volume":"3","author":"BB Andrade","year":"2012","journal-title":"Frontiers in immunology"},{"issue":"6","key":"pntd.0010347.ref055","first-page":"449","volume":"15","author":"A Palit","year":"2005","journal-title":"Host preference of Phlebotomus argentipes and Phlebotomus papatasi in different biotopes of West Bengal, India"},{"issue":"2","key":"pntd.0010347.ref056","first-page":"117","volume":"107","author":"R Singh","year":"2008","journal-title":"Breeding ecology of visceral leishmaniasis vector sandfly in Bihar state of India"},{"issue":"2","key":"pntd.0010347.ref057","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.1080\/00034983.2001.11813629","article-title":"Seasonal and nocturnal landing\/biting behaviour of Phlebotomus argentipes (Diptera: Psychodidae)","volume":"95","author":"D Dinesh","year":"2001","journal-title":"Annals of Tropical Medicine & Parasitology"},{"issue":"2","key":"pntd.0010347.ref058","first-page":"176","article-title":"Domestic swine in a visceral leishmaniasis endemic area produce antibodies against multiple Leishmania infantum antigens but apparently resist to L","volume":"98","author":"E Moraes-Silva","year":"2006","journal-title":"infantum infection"},{"issue":"2","key":"pntd.0010347.ref059","first-page":"775","volume":"90","author":"JM Burns","year":"1993","journal-title":"Molecular characterization of a kinesin-related antigen of Leishmania chagasi that detects specific antibody in African and American visceral leishmaniasis"},{"issue":"11","key":"pntd.0010347.ref060","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1307","DOI":"10.1016\/j.micinf.2007.06.005","article-title":"Leishmania DNA is rapidly degraded following parasite death: an analysis by microscopy and real-time PCR","volume":"9","author":"E Prina","year":"2007","journal-title":"Microbes Infect"},{"issue":"1","key":"pntd.0010347.ref061","first-page":"e2583","volume":"8","author":"O Courtenay","year":"2014","journal-title":"Heterogeneities in Leishmania infantum infection: using skin parasite burdens to identify highly infectious dogs"},{"issue":"8","key":"pntd.0010347.ref062","first-page":"592","volume":"14","author":"R Berger","year":"2014","journal-title":"Zoonotic disease in a peripheral population: persistence and transmission of Leishmania major in a putative sink-source system in the Negev Highlands, Israel"},{"issue":"7","key":"pntd.0010347.ref063","first-page":"311","volume":"23","author":"LF Chaves","year":"2007","journal-title":"Sources and sinks: revisiting the criteria for identifying reservoirs for American cutaneous leishmaniasis"},{"key":"pntd.0010347.ref064","first-page":"40","volume":"11","author":"J Sadlova","year":"2020","journal-title":"Host competence of the African rodents Arvicanthis neumanni, A. niloticus and Mastomys natalensis for Leishmania donovani from Ethiopia and L.(Mundinia) sp. from Ghana"},{"issue":"1","key":"pntd.0010347.ref065","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"276","DOI":"10.1186\/1756-3305-5-276","article-title":"Leishmania development in sand flies: parasite-vector interactions overview","volume":"5","author":"A Dostalova","year":"2012","journal-title":"Parasites & Vectors"},{"issue":"3","key":"pntd.0010347.ref066","first-page":"234","volume":"129","author":"DR Bezerra-Vasconcelos","year":"2011","journal-title":"Real-time PCR to assess the Leishmania load in Lutzomyia longipalpis sand flies: screening of target genes and assessment of quantitative methods"},{"issue":"3","key":"pntd.0010347.ref067","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0008077","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0008077","article-title":"Molecular detection and identification of Leishmania DNA and blood meal analysis in Phlebotomus (Larroussius) species","volume":"14","author":"L Remadi","year":"2020","journal-title":"PLoS neglected tropical diseases"},{"key":"pntd.0010347.ref068","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"68","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2017.03.023","article-title":"Detection of high Leishmania infantum loads in Phlebotomus perniciosus captured in the leishmaniasis focus of southwestern Madrid region (Spain) by real time PCR","volume":"171","author":"E Gonz\u00e1lez","year":"2017","journal-title":"Acta Trop"},{"issue":"2","key":"pntd.0010347.ref069","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"251","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciy891","article-title":"Quantifying the Infectiousness of Post-Kala-Azar Dermal Leishmaniasis Toward Sand Flies","volume":"69","author":"D Mondal","year":"2019","journal-title":"Clinical infectious diseases: an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America"},{"issue":"3","key":"pntd.0010347.ref070","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e14751","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0014751","article-title":"Visceral leishmaniasis in Muzaffarpur district, Bihar, India from 1990 to 2008","volume":"6","author":"P Malaviya","year":"2011","journal-title":"PLoS One"}],"updated-by":[{"DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0010347","type":"new_version","label":"New version","source":"publisher","updated":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,1]],"date-time":"2022-11-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1667260800000}}],"container-title":["PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pntd.0010347","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,1]],"date-time":"2022-11-01T17:34:16Z","timestamp":1667324056000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pntd.0010347"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Shan","family":"Lv","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"editor","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,20]]},"references-count":70,"journal-issue":{"issue":"10","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,20]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pntd.0010347","relation":{"new_version":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0010347","asserted-by":"object"}]},"ISSN":["1935-2735"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1935-2735","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,20]]}}}