{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,14]],"date-time":"2026-10-14T03:11:40Z","timestamp":1791947500324,"version":"4.3.4"},"update-to":[{"DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0010389","type":"new_version","label":"New version","source":"publisher","updated":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,18]],"date-time":"2022-05-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1652832000000}}],"reference-count":95,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,6]],"date-time":"2022-05-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1651795200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000060","name":"National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R01AI125842"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01AI125842"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000060","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000060","name":"National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R01AI125842"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01AI125842"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000060","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000060","name":"National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R01TW010286"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01TW010286"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000060","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000060","name":"National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R01AI148336"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01AI148336"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000060","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100014802","name":"University of California Research Initiatives","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["MRP award # 17-446315"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MRP award # 17-446315"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100014802","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosntds.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS Negl Trop Dis"],"abstract":"<jats:sec id=\"sec001\">\n<jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Reliable and field-applicable diagnosis of schistosome infections in non-human animals is important for surveillance, control, and verification of interruption of human schistosomiasis transmission. This study aimed to summarize uses of available diagnostic techniques through a systematic review and meta-analysis.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"sec002\">\n<jats:title>Methodology and principal findings<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>We systematically searched the literature and reports comparing two or more diagnostic tests in non-human animals for schistosome infection. Out of 4,909 articles and reports screened, 19 met our inclusion criteria, four of which were considered in the meta-analysis. A total of 14 techniques (parasitologic, immunologic, and molecular) and nine types of non-human animals were involved in the studies. Notably, four studies compared parasitologic tests (miracidium hatching test (MHT), Kato-Katz (KK), the Danish Bilharziasis Laboratory technique (DBL), and formalin-ethyl acetate sedimentation-digestion (FEA-SD)) with quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR), and sensitivity estimates (using qPCR as the reference) were extracted and included in the meta-analyses, showing significant heterogeneity across studies and animal hosts. The pooled estimate of sensitivity was 0.21 (95% confidence interval (CI): 0.03\u20130.48) with FEA-SD showing highest sensitivity (0.89, 95% CI: 0.65\u20131.00).<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"sec003\">\n<jats:title>Conclusions\/significance<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Our findings suggest that the parasitologic technique FEA-SD and the molecular technique qPCR are the most promising techniques for schistosome diagnosis in non-human animal hosts. Future studies are needed for validation and standardization of the techniques for real-world field applications.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0010389","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,6]],"date-time":"2022-05-06T17:57:35Z","timestamp":1651859855000},"page":"e0010389","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pntd.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":27,"title":["Diagnosis of Schistosoma infection in non-human animal hosts: A systematic review and meta-analysis"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6406-3700","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Song","family":"Liang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Keerati","family":"Ponpetch","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yi-Biao","family":"Zhou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jiagang","family":"Guo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Berhanu","family":"Erko","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"J. Russell","family":"Stothard","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"M. Hassan","family":"Murad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiao-Nong","family":"Zhou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fadjar","family":"Satrija","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joanne P.","family":"Webster","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Justin V.","family":"Remais","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"J\u00fcrg","family":"Utzinger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Amadou","family":"Garba","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,6]]},"reference":[{"issue":"7","key":"pntd.0010389.ref001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"411","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(06)70521-7","article-title":"Schistosomiasis and water resources development: systematic review, meta-analysis, and estimates of people at risk.","volume":"6","author":"P Steinmann","year":"2006","journal-title":"Lancet Infect Dis"},{"issue":"9936","key":"pntd.0010389.ref002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2253","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(13)61949-2","article-title":"Human schistosomiasis.","volume":"383","author":"DG Colley","year":"2014","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"7","key":"pntd.0010389.ref003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2865","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0002865","article-title":"The Global Burden of Disease Study 2010: interpretation and implications for the neglected tropical diseases","volume":"8","author":"PJ Hotez","year":"2014","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"issue":"9541","key":"pntd.0010389.ref004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1106","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(06)69440-3","article-title":"Human schistosomiasis","volume":"368","author":"B Gryseels","year":"2006","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"9470","key":"pntd.0010389.ref005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1561","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(05)66457-4","article-title":"Reassessment of the cost of chronic helmintic infection: a meta-analysis of disability-related outcomes in endemic schistosomiasis","volume":"365","author":"CH King","year":"2005","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"1","key":"pntd.0010389.ref006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1038\/s41572-018-0013-8","article-title":"Schistosomiasis.","volume":"4","author":"DP McManus","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat Rev Dis Primers"},{"issue":"9","key":"pntd.0010389.ref007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1005098","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1005098","article-title":"Hybridization in parasites: consequences for adaptive evolution, pathogenesis, and public health in a changing world.","volume":"11","author":"KC King","year":"2015","journal-title":"LoS Pathog."},{"issue":"8","key":"pntd.0010389.ref008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e330","DOI":"10.1016\/S2542-5196(20)30129-7","article-title":"Prevalence and distribution of schistosomiasis in human, livestock, and snail populations in northern Senegal: a One Health epidemiological study of a multi-host system","volume":"4","author":"E Leger","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet Planet Health"},{"issue":"12","key":"pntd.0010389.ref009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2212","DOI":"10.3201\/eid2212.160644","article-title":"Introgressed animal schistosomes Schistosoma curassoni and S. bovis naturally infecting humans","volume":"22","author":"E Leger","year":"2016","journal-title":"Emerg Infect Dis"},{"issue":"1","key":"pntd.0010389.ref010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1017\/S0031182016001190","article-title":"Hybridizations within the genus Schistosoma: implications for evolution, epidemiology and control","volume":"144","author":"E Leger","year":"2017","journal-title":"Parasitology"},{"issue":"6","key":"pntd.0010389.ref011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1245","DOI":"10.3201\/eid2506.190020","article-title":"Schistosome interactions within the Schistosoma haematobium group, Malawi","volume":"25","author":"BL Webster","year":"2019","journal-title":"Emerg Infect Dis"},{"issue":"4","key":"pntd.0010389.ref012","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2110","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0002110","article-title":"Introgressive hybridization of Schistosoma haematobium group species in Senegal: species barrier break down between ruminant and human schistosomes","volume":"7","author":"BL Webster","year":"2013","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"issue":"2","key":"pntd.0010389.ref013","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"423","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2012.04.013","article-title":"Time to set the agenda for schistosomiasis elimination","volume":"128","author":"D Rollinson","year":"2013","journal-title":"Acta Trop"},{"key":"pntd.0010389.ref014","article-title":"Schistosomiasis and soil-transmitted helminth infections.","author":"WHO","year":"2001","journal-title":"Fifty-fourth World Health Assembly, resolution WHA54.19."},{"key":"pntd.0010389.ref015","first-page":"36","article-title":"World Health Organization. Elimination of schistosomiasis","author":"WHO","year":"2012","journal-title":"Sixty-fifth World Health Assembly"},{"issue":"8","key":"pntd.0010389.ref016","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"927","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(15)00066-3","article-title":"Spatial distribution of schistosomiasis and treatment needs in sub-Saharan Africa: a systematic review and geostatistical analysis","volume":"15","author":"YS Lai","year":"2015","journal-title":"Lancet Infect Dis"},{"issue":"3","key":"pntd.0010389.ref017","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e32","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0000032","article-title":"A schistosomiasis research agenda","volume":"1","author":"DG Colley","year":"2007","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"issue":"13","key":"pntd.0010389.ref018","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"858","DOI":"10.1016\/j.micinf.2013.07.010","article-title":"Road to the elimination of schistosomiasis from Asia: the journey is far from over","volume":"15","author":"AGP Ross","year":"2013","journal-title":"Microbes Infect"},{"issue":"2\u20133","key":"pntd.0010389.ref019","first-page":"69","article-title":"Conquering schistosomiasis in China: the long march","volume":"96","author":"J Utzinger","year":"2005","journal-title":"Acta Trop"},{"issue":"2","key":"pntd.0010389.ref020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa0800135","article-title":"A strategy to control transmission of Schistosoma japonicum in China","volume":"360","author":"LD Wang","year":"2009","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"12","key":"pntd.0010389.ref021","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1475","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-3156.2009.02403.x","article-title":"China\u2019s new strategy to block Schistosoma japonicum transmission: experiences and impact beyond schistosomiasis","volume":"14","author":"LD Wang","year":"2009","journal-title":"Trop Med Int Health"},{"issue":"14","key":"pntd.0010389.ref022","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1947","DOI":"10.1017\/S0031182014001152","article-title":"Diagnostics for schistosomiasis in Africa and Arabia: a review of present options in control and future needs for elimination","volume":"141","author":"JR Stothard","year":"2014","journal-title":"Parasitology"},{"issue":"6","key":"pntd.0010389.ref023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"529","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmi.2015.03.014","article-title":"New diagnostic tools in schistosomiasis","volume":"21","author":"J Utzinger","year":"2015","journal-title":"Clin Microbiol Infect"},{"issue":"4","key":"pntd.0010389.ref024","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pt.2009.01.004","article-title":"Diagnostic dilemmas in helminthology: what tools to use and when?","volume":"25","author":"R Bergquist","year":"2009","journal-title":"Trends Parasitol"},{"issue":"2","key":"pntd.0010389.ref025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1017\/S0022149X12000028","article-title":"Zoonotic schistosomiasis in non-human primates: past, present and future activities at the human-wildlife interface in Africa.","volume":"86","author":"CJ Standley","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Helminthol"},{"key":"pntd.0010389.ref026","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"275","DOI":"10.1186\/1756-3305-5-275","article-title":"Factors impacting on progress towards elimination of transmission of schistosomiasis japonica in China.","volume":"5","author":"YB Zhou","year":"2012","journal-title":"Parasit Vectors"},{"issue":"2","key":"pntd.0010389.ref027","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"313","DOI":"10.1111\/eva.12341","article-title":"One health\u2014an ecological and evolutionary framework for tackling neglected zoonotic diseases","volume":"9","author":"JP Webster","year":"2016","journal-title":"Evol Appl."},{"issue":"4","key":"pntd.0010389.ref028","first-page":"575","article-title":"An epidemiological study on Schistosoma japonicum in domestic animals in Leyte, Philippines.","volume":"13","author":"TJ Fernandez","year":"1982","journal-title":"Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health"},{"key":"pntd.0010389.ref029","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.1016\/S0065-308X(10)72006-6","article-title":"Schistosomiasis japonica: control and research needs","volume":"72","author":"XN Zhou","year":"2010","journal-title":"Adv Parasitol"},{"issue":"4","key":"pntd.0010389.ref030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"272","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.2001.65.272","article-title":"A baseline study on the importance of bovines for human Schistosoma japonicum infection around Poyang Lake, China","volume":"65","author":"JG Guo","year":"2001","journal-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg"},{"issue":"12","key":"pntd.0010389.ref031","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e4058","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0004058","article-title":"Transmission dynamics of Schistosoma japonicum in the lakes and marshlands of China","volume":"3","author":"DJ Gray","year":"2008","journal-title":"PLoS One."},{"issue":"3","key":"pntd.0010389.ref032","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e987","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0000987","article-title":"Evaluation of mammalian and intermediate host surveillance methods for detecting schistosomiasis reemergence in southwest China","volume":"5","author":"EJ Carlton","year":"2011","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"issue":"2","key":"pntd.0010389.ref033","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"335","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.2006.74.335","article-title":"A drug-based intervention study on the importance of buffaloes for human Schistosoma japonicum infection around Poyang Lake, People\u2019s Republic of China","volume":"74","author":"J Guo","year":"2006","journal-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg"},{"issue":"12","key":"pntd.0010389.ref034","first-page":"929","article-title":"Management of human and animal feces is a key element for effective control of epidemic of endemic schistosomiasis in China","volume":"26","author":"LD Wang","year":"2005","journal-title":"Zhonghua Liu Xing Bing Xue Za Zhi"},{"issue":"1","key":"pntd.0010389.ref035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.2011.10-0574","article-title":"An integrated strategy for transmission control of Schistosoma japonicum in a marshland area of China: findings from a five-year longitudinal survey and mathematical modeling","volume":"85","author":"YB Zhou","year":"2011","journal-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg"},{"issue":"14","key":"pntd.0010389.ref036","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1517","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpara.2005.06.010","article-title":"Estimating sensitivity and specificity of a faecal examination method for Schistosoma japonicum infection in cats, dogs, water buffaloes, pigs, and rats in Western Samar and Sorsogon Provinces, The Philippines","volume":"35","author":"H Carabin","year":"2005","journal-title":"Int J Parasitol"},{"issue":"6","key":"pntd.0010389.ref037","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"446","DOI":"10.2471\/BLT.05.026427","article-title":"Cross-sectional associations between intensity of animal and human infection with Schistosoma japonicum in Western Samar province, Philippines","volume":"84","author":"ST McGarvey","year":"2006","journal-title":"Bull World Health Organ"},{"key":"pntd.0010389.ref038","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2016.01.011","article-title":"National survey data for zoonotic schistosomiasis in the Philippines grossly underestimates the true burden of disease within endemic zones: implications for future control","volume":"45","author":"RM Olveda","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int J Infect Dis"},{"issue":"11","key":"pntd.0010389.ref039","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e340","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0000340","article-title":"Population genetics of Schistosoma japonicum within the Philippines suggest high levels of transmission between humans and dogs","volume":"2","author":"JW Rudge","year":"2008","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"issue":"8","key":"pntd.0010389.ref040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e781","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0000781","article-title":"Transmission of Schistosoma japonicum in marshland and hilly regions of China: parasite population genetic and sibship structure","volume":"4","author":"DB Lu","year":"2010","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"issue":"14","key":"pntd.0010389.ref041","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1581","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpara.2009.06.003","article-title":"Evolution in a multi-host parasite: chronobiological circadian rhythm and population genetics of Schistosoma japonicum cercariae indicates contrasting definitive host reservoirs by habitat","volume":"39","author":"DB Lu","year":"2009","journal-title":"Int J Parasitol"},{"issue":"1","key":"pntd.0010389.ref042","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1017\/S003118200999103X","article-title":"Contrasting reservoirs for Schistosoma japonicum between marshland and hilly regions in Anhui, China\u2013a two-year longitudinal parasitological survey","volume":"137","author":"DB Lu","year":"2010","journal-title":"Parasitology"},{"issue":"10","key":"pntd.0010389.ref043","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2134","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-294X.2009.04181.x","article-title":"Parasite genetic differentiation by habitat type and host species: molecular epidemiology of Schistosoma japonicum in hilly and marshland areas of Anhui Province","volume":"18","author":"JW Rudge","year":"2009","journal-title":"China. Mol Ecol"},{"issue":"2\u20133","key":"pntd.0010389.ref044","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"198","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2005.07.017","article-title":"Transmission of Schistosoma japonicum by humans and domestic animals in the Yangtze River valley, Anhui province","volume":"96","author":"TP Wang","year":"2005","journal-title":"China. Acta Trop"},{"key":"pntd.0010389.ref045","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1633","DOI":"10.1017\/S0031182017000907","article-title":"Rodents, goats and dogs\u2013their potential roles in the transmission of schistosomiasis in China","author":"CF Van Dorssen","year":"2017","journal-title":"Parasitology"},{"issue":"28","key":"pntd.0010389.ref046","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11457","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1221509110","article-title":"Identifying host species driving transmission of schistosomiasis japonica, a multihost parasite system, in China","volume":"110","author":"JW Rudge","year":"2013","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"issue":"2","key":"pntd.0010389.ref047","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.2471\/BLT.05.025031","article-title":"Re-emerging schistosomiasis in hilly and mountainous areas of Sichuan, China","volume":"84","author":"S Liang","year":"2006","journal-title":"Bull World Health Organ"},{"issue":"8","key":"pntd.0010389.ref048","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1767","DOI":"10.1017\/S0950268814002581","article-title":"Schistosoma japonicum in Samar, the Philippines: infection in dogs and rats as a possible risk factor for human infection","volume":"143","author":"H Carabin","year":"2015","journal-title":"Epidemiol Infect"},{"issue":"5","key":"pntd.0010389.ref049","first-page":"375","article-title":"Annual fluctuation of Schistosoma japonicum infection in field rats, Rattus rattus mindanensis, in Dagami, Leyte, Philippines.","volume":"50","author":"H Kamiya","year":"1980","journal-title":"Jpn J Exp Med"},{"issue":"9","key":"pntd.0010389.ref050","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1778","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0001778","article-title":"High prevalence of Schistosoma japonicum infection in Carabao from Samar Province, the Philippines: implications for transmission and control","volume":"6","author":"CA Gordon","year":"2012","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"issue":"2","key":"pntd.0010389.ref051","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1017\/S0022149X00000172","article-title":"Rodents as reservoir hosts in the transmission of Schistosoma mansoni in Richard-Toll, Senegal, West Africa.","volume":"74","author":"JM Duplantier","year":"2000","journal-title":"J Helminthol"},{"issue":"6","key":"pntd.0010389.ref052","first-page":"431","article-title":"Zoonotic intestinal parasites of hamadryas baboons Papio hamadryas in the western and northern regions of Saudi Arabia","volume":"98","author":"AM Ghandour","year":"1995","journal-title":"J Trop Med Hyg"},{"issue":"4","key":"pntd.0010389.ref053","first-page":"749","article-title":"Schistosoma margrebowiei human patent zoonotic schistosomiasis imported from Zambia","volume":"81","author":"M Giboda","year":"1988","journal-title":"Bull Soc Pathol Exot Filiales"},{"issue":"1","key":"pntd.0010389.ref054","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1016\/0035-9203(72)90028-4","article-title":"Case of natural infection of S. haematobium in a Senegalese baboon (Papio sp).","volume":"66","author":"MG Taylor","year":"1972","journal-title":"Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg"},{"issue":"3","key":"pntd.0010389.ref055","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"299","DOI":"10.1017\/S0031182018001427","article-title":"Rodents of Senegal and their role as intermediate hosts of Hydatigera spp. (Cestoda: Taeniidae).","volume":"146","author":"S Catalano","year":"2019","journal-title":"Parasitology"},{"issue":"3","key":"pntd.0010389.ref056","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"429","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiy029","article-title":"Rodents as natural hosts of zoonotic Schistosoma species and hybrids: an epidemiological and evolutionary perspective from West Africa","volume":"218","author":"S Catalano","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"issue":"Pt 6","key":"pntd.0010389.ref057","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"621","DOI":"10.1017\/S0031182097001698","article-title":"Schistosoma mansoni infection in a natural population of olive baboons (Papio cynocephalus anubis) in Gombe Stream National Park, Tanzania.","volume":"115","author":"CD Muller-Graf","year":"1997","journal-title":"Parasitology"},{"issue":"6","key":"pntd.0010389.ref058","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1234","DOI":"10.3201\/eid2606.200107","article-title":"Multihost transmission of Schistosoma mansoni in Senegal, 2015\u20132018","volume":"26","author":"S Catalano","year":"2020","journal-title":"Emerg Infect Dis"},{"issue":"3","key":"pntd.0010389.ref059","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"231","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2003.12.003","article-title":"Zoonotic intestinal parasites in Papio anubis (baboon) and Cercopithecus aethiops (vervet) from four localities in Ethiopia","volume":"90","author":"M Legesse","year":"2004","journal-title":"Acta Trop"},{"issue":"1719","key":"pntd.0010389.ref060","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1098\/rstb.2016.0091","article-title":"Who acquires infection from whom and how? Disentangling multi-host and multi-mode transmission dynamics in the \u2019elimination\u2019 era.","volume":"372","author":"JP Webster","year":"2017","journal-title":"Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci"},{"issue":"7","key":"pntd.0010389.ref061","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1000097","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.1000097","article-title":"Preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses: the PRISMA statement","volume":"6","author":"D Moher","year":"2009","journal-title":"PLoS Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"pntd.0010389.ref062","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1177\/001316446002000104","article-title":"A coefficient of agreement for nominal scales","volume":"XX","author":"J. Cohen","year":"1960","journal-title":"Educational and Psychological Measurement"},{"key":"pntd.0010389.ref063","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1053","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.2012.12-0177","article-title":"Field evaluation of a PCR test for Schistosoma japonicum egg detection in low-prevalence regions of China","volume":"87","author":"MS Fung","year":"2012","journal-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg"},{"issue":"4","key":"pntd.0010389.ref064","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"416","DOI":"10.1016\/j.diagmicrobio.2010.07.016","article-title":"Evaluation of polymerase chain reaction as an additional tool for the diagnosis of low-intensity Schistosoma mansoni infection","volume":"68","author":"LMA Oliveira","year":"2010","journal-title":"Diagn Micr Infec Dis"},{"issue":"11","key":"pntd.0010389.ref065","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"722","DOI":"10.1093\/trstmh\/trz067","article-title":"A rapid diagnostic multiplex PCR approach for xenomonitoring of human and animal schistosomiasis in a \u2019One Health\u2019 context","volume":"113","author":"R Schols","year":"2019","journal-title":"Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg"},{"issue":"4","key":"pntd.0010389.ref066","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"646","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.2010.09-0638","article-title":"High prevalence of Schistosoma japonicum infection in water buffaloes in the Philippines assessed by real-time polymerase chain reaction","volume":"82","author":"HW Wu","year":"2010","journal-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg"},{"key":"pntd.0010389.ref067","volume-title":"R: A language and environment for statistical computing","author":"RC Team","year":"2021"},{"key":"pntd.0010389.ref068","first-page":"21","article-title":"Comparative study on detection of Schistosoma japonicum by triple-dot ELISA and stool assay","volume":"3","author":"WM Jiang","year":"2006","journal-title":"Shanghai Journal of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine"},{"key":"pntd.0010389.ref069","first-page":"687","article-title":"Study on two-step dot immunogold filtration assay for detecting anti-schistosome antibodies in livestock","volume":"37","author":"FZ Lu","year":"2006","journal-title":"Acta Veterinaria et Zootechnica Sinica"},{"key":"pntd.0010389.ref070","first-page":"67","article-title":"Application of rapid colloidal gold immunochromatography assay strip for detection of domestic animal\u2018s schistosomiasis in endemic areas","volume":"17","author":"YC Peng","year":"2009","journal-title":"Chinese Journal of Animal Infectious Diseases"},{"key":"pntd.0010389.ref071","article-title":"Report of rapid diagnosis of schistosomiasis by PAPS immuno microspheres","author":"XH Sun","year":"1992","journal-title":"Hubei Journal of Animal and Veterinary Sciences"},{"issue":"2","key":"pntd.0010389.ref072","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0003108","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0003108","article-title":"High prevalence of Schistosoma japonicum and Fasciola gigantica in bovines from Northern Samar, the Philippines.","volume":"9","author":"CA Gordon","year":"2015","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"key":"pntd.0010389.ref073","first-page":"6","article-title":"A novel colloidal gold immunochromatography assay strip for the diagnosis of schistosomiasis japonica in domestic animals","author":"R Xu","year":"2017","journal-title":"Infect Dis Poverty."},{"issue":"8","key":"pntd.0010389.ref074","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1800","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0001800","article-title":"Utilization of ELISA using thioredoxin peroxidase-1 and tandem repeat proteins for diagnosis of Schistosoma japonicum infection among water buffaloes","volume":"6","author":"JMM Angeles","year":"2012","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"key":"pntd.0010389.ref075","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.1089\/vbz.2010.0156","article-title":"Confirmed infection with intestinal schistosomiasis in semi-captive wild-born chimpanzees on Ngamba Island, Uganda.","volume":"11","author":"CJ Standley","year":"2011","journal-title":"Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis"},{"key":"pntd.0010389.ref076","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"243","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2011.03.007","article-title":"Evaluation of immunological, parasitological and molecular methods for the diagnosis of Schistosoma mansoni infection before and after chemotherapy treatment with praziquantel in experimentally infected Nectomys squamipes","volume":"180","author":"R Gentile","year":"2011","journal-title":"Vet Parasitol"},{"key":"pntd.0010389.ref077","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"323","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2010.02.009","article-title":"An indirect ELISA for detection of Theileria sergenti antibodies in water buffalo using a recombinant major piroplasm surface protein","volume":"170","author":"LX Wang","year":"2010","journal-title":"Vet Parasitol"},{"key":"pntd.0010389.ref078","first-page":"453","article-title":"Study on sensitivity and specificity of dot immunogold filtration assay for detecting circulating anti-schistosome antibodies of livestock","volume":"18","author":"XJ Zhang","year":"2006","journal-title":"Acta Agriculturae Zhejiangensis"},{"key":"pntd.0010389.ref079","first-page":"207","article-title":"Comparison among three antigens for the diagnosis of schistosomiasis japonicum in domestic animals","volume":"36","author":"YC Peng","year":"2006","journal-title":"Veterinary Science in China"},{"issue":"3","key":"pntd.0010389.ref080","first-page":"1","article-title":"Development of rapid immunodiagnosis assay for domestic animal schistosomiasis with colloidal dye dipstick immunoassay (DDIA).","volume":"10","author":"W He","year":"2002","journal-title":"Chinese Journal of Veterinary Parasitology"},{"key":"pntd.0010389.ref081","article-title":"Application of rapid diagnosis of schistosomiasis in livestock by PAPS immune microsphere method","author":"ZM Xu","year":"1998","journal-title":"Jiangxi Agricultural Science & Technology"},{"key":"pntd.0010389.ref082","first-page":"9","article-title":"Study on spot enzyme\u2014linked immunosorbent assay in diagnosis of animal schistosomiasis","volume":"23","author":"XJ Zhang","year":"1993","journal-title":"Chinese Journal of Veterinary Technology"},{"issue":"6","key":"pntd.0010389.ref083","first-page":"397","article-title":"A simple device for quantitative stool thick-smear technique in schistosomiasis mansoni.","volume":"14","author":"N Katz","year":"1972","journal-title":"Rev Inst Med Trop Sao Paulo"},{"issue":"1","key":"pntd.0010389.ref084","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1016\/j.parint.2006.11.002","article-title":"Comparison of the Kato-Katz technique, hatching test and indirect hemagglutination assay (IHA) for the diagnosis of Schistosoma japonicum infection in China","volume":"56","author":"JM Yu","year":"2007","journal-title":"Parasitol Int"},{"key":"pntd.0010389.ref085","first-page":"128","article-title":"A new technique for counting Schistosoma japonicum eggs in pig feces","volume":"29","author":"AL Willingham","year":"1998","journal-title":"Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health"},{"issue":"11","key":"pntd.0010389.ref086","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1885","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0001885","article-title":"A novel procedure for precise quantification of Schistosoma japonicum eggs in bovine feces","volume":"6","author":"B Xu","year":"2012","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"issue":"9","key":"pntd.0010389.ref087","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3432","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.40.9.3432-3437.2002","article-title":"Serodiagnosis of imported schistosomiasis by a combination of a commercial indirect hemagglutination test with Schistosoma mansoni adult worm antigens and an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay with S. mansoni egg antigens","volume":"40","author":"T Van Gool","year":"2002","journal-title":"J Clin Microbiol"},{"issue":"1","key":"pntd.0010389.ref088","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.1981.30.121","article-title":"The circumoval precipitin test for the serodiagnosis of human schistosomiasis mansoni and haematobia","volume":"30","author":"GV Hillyer","year":"1981","journal-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg"},{"issue":"3","key":"pntd.0010389.ref089","first-page":"384","article-title":"Attempts to standardize the circumoval precipitin test (copt) for Schistosomiasis japonica","volume":"12","author":"EG Garcia","year":"1981","journal-title":"Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health"},{"issue":"2\u20133","key":"pntd.0010389.ref090","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"130","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2005.07.007","article-title":"Immunodiagnosis and its role in schistosomiasis control in China: a review","volume":"96","author":"YC Zhu","year":"2005","journal-title":"Acta Trop"},{"issue":"2\u20133","key":"pntd.0010389.ref091","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"142","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2005.07.025","article-title":"Evaluation on the applied value of the dot immunogold filtration assay (DIGFA) for rapid detection of anti-Schistosoma japonicum antibody","volume":"96","author":"LY Wen","year":"2005","journal-title":"Acta Trop"},{"issue":"9","key":"pntd.0010389.ref092","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0009796","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0009796","article-title":"High prevalence of Schistosoma japonicum by perfusion in naturally exposed water buffalo in a region of the Philippines endemic for human schistosomiasis","volume":"15","author":"M Jiz","year":"2021","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"issue":"1","key":"pntd.0010389.ref093","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"439","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-019-3613-6","article-title":"Mini-FLOTAC as an alternative, non-invasive diagnostic tool for Schistosoma mansoni and other trematode infections in wildlife reservoirs","volume":"12","author":"S Catalano","year":"2019","journal-title":"Parasit Vectors."},{"issue":"9","key":"pntd.0010389.ref094","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0008538","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0008538","article-title":"Genetic evidence for the role of non-human primates as reservoir hosts for human schistosomiasis.","volume":"14","author":"T Kebede","year":"2020","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"issue":"6","key":"pntd.0010389.ref095","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0008231","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0008231","article-title":"First international external quality assessment scheme of nucleic acid amplification tests for the detection of Schistosoma and soil-transmitted helminths, including Strongyloides: a pilot study","volume":"14","author":"P Cools","year":"2020","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"}],"updated-by":[{"DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0010389","type":"new_version","label":"New version","source":"publisher","updated":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,18]],"date-time":"2022-05-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1652832000000}}],"container-title":["PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pntd.0010389","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,18]],"date-time":"2022-05-18T17:46:02Z","timestamp":1652895962000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pntd.0010389"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Christine A.","family":"Petersen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"editor"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,6]]},"references-count":95,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,6]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pntd.0010389","relation":{"new_version":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0010389","asserted-by":"object"}]},"ISSN":["1935-2735"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1935-2735","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,6]]}}}