{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,28]],"date-time":"2026-06-28T06:35:24Z","timestamp":1782628524677,"version":"3.54.5"},"update-to":[{"DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0010394","type":"new_version","label":"New version","source":"publisher","updated":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,5]],"date-time":"2022-05-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1651708800000}}],"reference-count":59,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,25]],"date-time":"2022-04-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1650844800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosntds.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS Negl Trop Dis"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Murine typhus is a flea-borne zoonotic disease with acute febrile illness caused by <jats:italic>Rickettsia typhi<\/jats:italic> and is distributed widely throughout the world, particularly in port cities and coastal regions. We observed that murine typhus was an endemic disease (number of annual indigenous cases = 29.23\u00b18.76) with a low incidence rate (0.13\u00b12.03*10<jats:sup>\u22124<\/jats:sup> per 100,000 person-years) in Taiwan from 2007\u20132019. Most (45.79%, 174\/380) indigenous infections were reported in May, June, and July. The incidence rates in both May and June were statistically higher than those in other months (p&lt;0.05). Correspondingly, sera collected from small mammals (rodents and shrews) trapped in airports and harbors demonstrated anti-<jats:italic>R<\/jats:italic>. <jats:italic>typhi<\/jats:italic> antibody responses (seropositive rate = 8.24\u00b10.33%). Interestingly, the ports with the highest seropositivity rates in small mammals are all inside\/near the areas with the highest incidence rates of indigenous murine typhus. In addition, incidence rates in humans were positively correlated with the 1-month and 2-month prior seropositive rates in small mammals (R = 0.31 and 0.37, respectively). As early treatment with appropriate antibiotics for murine typhus could effectively shorten the duration of illness and reduce the risk of hospitalization and fatality, flea-related exposure experience should be considered in clinics during peak seasons and the months after a rise in seropositivity rates in small mammals. Surveillance in small mammals might be helpful for the development of real-time reporting or even early reminders for physicians of sporadic murine typhus cases based on the delayed correlation observed in this study.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0010394","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,25]],"date-time":"2022-04-25T17:33:08Z","timestamp":1650907988000},"page":"e0010394","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pntd.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Delayed correlation between the incidence rate of indigenous murine typhus in humans and the seropositive rate of Rickettsia typhi infection in small mammals in Taiwan from 2007\u20132019"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Pai-Shan","family":"Chiang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shin-Wei","family":"Su","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Su-Lin","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pei-Yun","family":"Shu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wang-Ping","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shu-Ying","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7849-2346","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Hwa-Jen","family":"Teng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,25]]},"reference":[{"issue":"4","key":"pntd.0010394.ref001","first-page":"237","article-title":"The ecology of murine typhus-a critical review","volume":"75","author":"R Traub","year":"1978","journal-title":"Trop Dis Bull"},{"issue":"1","key":"pntd.0010394.ref002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1097\/00007611-191301000-00018","article-title":"Typhus fever with a report of cases.","volume":"6","author":"JE Paullin","year":"1913","journal-title":"South Med J."},{"issue":"1","key":"pntd.0010394.ref003","article-title":"History, Rats, Fleas, and Opossums: The Ascendency of Flea-Borne Typhus in the United States, 1910\u20131944","volume":"5","author":"GM Anstead","year":"2020","journal-title":"Trop Med Infect Dis"},{"issue":"9","key":"pntd.0010394.ref004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"589","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.1931.02730090003002","article-title":"The typhus-Rocky Mountain spotted fever group in the United States","volume":"97","author":"R Dyer","year":"1931","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"issue":"4","key":"pntd.0010394.ref005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"231","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.1931.02730040013005","article-title":"Rats as carriers of Mexican typhus fever","volume":"97","author":"H Mooser","year":"1931","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"issue":"11","key":"pntd.0010394.ref006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"775","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.1931.02730110025007","article-title":"Endemic typhus fever: rat flea as a possible vector","volume":"97","author":"HA Kemp","year":"1931","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"issue":"3","key":"pntd.0010394.ref007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"319","DOI":"10.3201\/eid0303.970308","article-title":"Flea-borne rickettsioses: ecologic considerations","volume":"3","author":"AF Azad","year":"1997","journal-title":"Emerg Infect Dis"},{"issue":"6","key":"pntd.0010394.ref008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"913","DOI":"10.1086\/527443","article-title":"Murine typhus: an unrecognized suburban vectorborne disease","volume":"46","author":"R Civen","year":"2008","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"pntd.0010394.ref009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"553","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.en.35.010190.003005","article-title":"Epidemiology of murine typhus","volume":"35","author":"AF Azad","year":"1990","journal-title":"Annu Rev Entomol"},{"key":"pntd.0010394.ref010","volume-title":"Oxford textbook of zoonoses. 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