{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,26]],"date-time":"2026-08-26T22:08:52Z","timestamp":1787782132723,"version":"build-2784847793"},"update-to":[{"DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0010395","type":"new_version","label":"New version","source":"publisher","updated":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,12]],"date-time":"2022-05-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1652313600000}}],"reference-count":35,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,2]],"date-time":"2022-05-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1651449600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100006407","name":"Natural Science Foundation of Henan Province","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["212300410250"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["212300410250"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100006407","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002858","name":"China Postdoctoral Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2020M672287"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2020M672287"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002858","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosntds.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS Negl Trop Dis"],"abstract":"<jats:sec id=\"sec001\">\n<jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>A range of helminth species involve the migration of developing larvae through the lung and establish chronic infections in the host that include potent immune regulatory effects. <jats:italic>Trichinella spiralis<\/jats:italic> is one of the most successful parasitic symbiotes. After released by intestinal female adult worms, newborn larvae of <jats:italic>T<\/jats:italic>. <jats:italic>spiralis<\/jats:italic> travel through the circulatory system to the lung and finally reach skeletal muscle cells. As unique inflammation modulator of intracellular parasitism, <jats:italic>T<\/jats:italic>. <jats:italic>spiralis<\/jats:italic> shows improved responses to autoimmune disease and viral pulmonary inflammation by exerting immunomodulatory effects on innate and adaptive immune cells.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"sec002\">\n<jats:title>Methodology\/Principal findings<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>C57BL\/6 mice were divided into four groups: uninfected; helminth- <jats:italic>T<\/jats:italic>. <jats:italic>spiralis<\/jats:italic> infected; <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>. <jats:italic>aeruginosa<\/jats:italic> infected; and co-infected. Mice infected with <jats:italic>T<\/jats:italic>. <jats:italic>spiralis<\/jats:italic> were incubated for 6 weeks, followed by <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>. <jats:italic>aeruginosa<\/jats:italic> intranasal inoculation. Bronchial alveolar lavage fluid, blood and lung samples were analyzed. We found that <jats:italic>T<\/jats:italic>. <jats:italic>spiralis<\/jats:italic> induced Th2 response in the mouse lung tissue, increased lung CD4<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup> T cells, GATA3, IL-4, IL-5 and IL-13 expression. Pre-existing <jats:italic>T<\/jats:italic>. <jats:italic>spiralis<\/jats:italic> infection decreased lung neutrophil recruitment, inflammatory mediator IL-1\u03b2 and IL-6 expression and chemokine CXCL1 and CXCL2 release during <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>. <jats:italic>aeruginosa-<\/jats:italic> pneumonia. Furthermore, <jats:italic>T<\/jats:italic>. <jats:italic>spiralis<\/jats:italic> co-infected mice exhibited significantly more eosinophils at 6 hours following <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>. <jats:italic>aeruginosa<\/jats:italic> infection, ameliorated pulmonary inflammation and improved survival in <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>. <jats:italic>aeruginosa<\/jats:italic> pneumonia.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"sec003\">\n<jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>These findings indicate that a prior infection with <jats:italic>T<\/jats:italic>. <jats:italic>spiralis<\/jats:italic> ameliorates experimental pulmonary inflammation and improves survival in <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>. <jats:italic>aeruginosa<\/jats:italic> pneumonia through a Th2-type response with eosinophils.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0010395","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,2]],"date-time":"2022-05-02T17:33:01Z","timestamp":1651512781000},"page":"e0010395","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pntd.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Preexisting Trichinella spiralis infection attenuates the severity of Pseudomonas aeruginosa-induced pneumonia"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Shao Rong","family":"Long","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wen Xuan","family":"Shang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Miao","family":"Jiang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jing Fei","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ruo Dan","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhong Quan","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4617-5474","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Hualei","family":"Sun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jing","family":"Cui","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,2]]},"reference":[{"issue":"8","key":"pntd.0010395.ref001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0008628","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0008628","article-title":"Helminth coinfection and COVID-19: An alternate hypothesis","volume":"14","author":"R. 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