{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]],"date-time":"2026-09-30T14:06:51Z","timestamp":1790777211218,"version":"4.1.0"},"update-to":[{"DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0010401","type":"new_version","label":"New version","source":"publisher","updated":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,20]],"date-time":"2023-04-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1681948800000}}],"reference-count":30,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,10]],"date-time":"2023-04-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1681084800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000865","name":"Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["INV-022149"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["INV-022149"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000865","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosntds.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS Negl Trop Dis"],"abstract":"\n Background<\/jats:title>\n Soil Transmitted Helminths (STH) infect over 1.5 billion people globally and are associated with anemia and stunting, resulting in an annual toll of 1.9 million Disability-Adjusted Life Years (DALYs). School-based deworming (SBD), via mass drug administration (MDA) campaigns with albendazole or mebendazole, has been recommended by the World Health Organization to reduce levels of morbidity due to STH in endemic areas. DeWorm3 is a cluster-randomized trial, conducted in three study sites in Benin, India, and Malawi, designed to assess the feasibility of interrupting STH transmission with community-wide MDA as a potential strategy to replace SBD. This analysis examines data from the DeWorm3 trial to quantify discrepancies between school-level reporting of SBD and gold standard individual-level survey reporting of SBD.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Methodology\/Principal findings<\/jats:title>\n Population-weighted averages of school-level SBD calculated at the cluster level were compared to aggregated individual-level SBD estimates to produce a Mean Squared Error (MSE) estimate for each study site. In order to estimate individual-level SBD coverage, these MSE values were applied to SBD estimates from the control arm of the DeWorm3 trial, where only school-level reporting of SBD coverage had been collected.<\/jats:p>\n In each study site, SBD coverage in the school-level datasets was substantially higher than that obtained from individual-level datasets, indicating possible overestimation of school-level SBD coverage. When applying observed MSE to project expected coverages in the control arm, SBD coverage dropped from 89.1% to 70.5% (p-value < 0.001) in Benin, from 97.7% to 84.5% (p-value < 0.001) in India, and from 41.5% to 37.5% (p-value < 0.001) in Malawi.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Conclusions\/Significance<\/jats:title>\n These estimates indicate that school-level SBD reporting is likely to significantly overestimate program coverage. These findings suggest that current SBD coverage estimates derived from school-based program data may substantially overestimate true pediatric deworming coverage within targeted communities.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Trial registration<\/jats:title>\n \n NCT03014167<\/jats:ext-link>\n .\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0010401","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,10]],"date-time":"2023-04-10T13:33:31Z","timestamp":1681133611000},"page":"e0010401","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pntd.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Overestimation of school-based deworming coverage resulting from school-based reporting"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"17","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4192-4491","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"William","family":"Sheahan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Roy","family":"Anderson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kumudha","family":"Aruldas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Euripide","family":"Avokpaho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sean","family":"Galagan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jeanne","family":"Goodman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Parfait","family":"Houngbegnon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gideon John","family":"Israel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Venkateshprabhu","family":"Janagaraj","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Saravanakumar Puthupalayam","family":"Kaliappan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Arianna Rubin","family":"Means","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chloe","family":"Morozoff","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Emily","family":"Pearman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rohan Michael","family":"Ramesh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Amy","family":"Roll","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alexandra","family":"Schaefer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"James","family":"Simwanza","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stefan","family":"Witek-McManus","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sitara S. R.","family":"Ajjampur","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Robin","family":"Bailey","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Moudachirou","family":"Ibikounl\u00e9","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Khumbo","family":"Kalua","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Adrian J. F.","family":"Luty","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rachel","family":"Pullan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Judd L.","family":"Walson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kristjana Hr\u00f6nn","family":"\u00c1sbj\u00f6rnsd\u00f3ttir","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"pntd.0010401.ref001","unstructured":"Soil-transmitted helminth infections [Internet]. World Health Organization. 2020 [cited 2021 Jun 10]. Available from: https:\/\/www.who.int\/news-room\/fact-sheets\/detail\/soil-transmitted-helminth-infections"},{"issue":"10258","key":"pntd.0010401.ref002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1204","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(20)30925-9","article-title":"Global burden of 369 diseases and injuries in 204 countries and territories, 1990\u20132019: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019.","volume":"396","author":"T Vos","year":"2020","journal-title":"The Lancet"},{"key":"pntd.0010401.ref003","unstructured":"Coverage Evaluation Guidelines Final Draft_Nov 2016.pdf [Internet]. [cited 2021 Jun 10]. Available from: https:\/\/www.ntdsupport.org\/sites\/default\/files\/uploads\/docs\/resources\/Coverage%20Evaluation%20Guidelines%20Final%20Draft_Nov%202016.pdf"},{"issue":"8","key":"pntd.0010401.ref004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0007009","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0007009","article-title":"Exploring factors affecting quality implementation of lymphatic filariasis mass drug administration in Bole and Central Gonja Districts in Northern Ghana.","volume":"14","author":"AK Manyeh","year":"2020","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis."},{"issue":"10","key":"pntd.0010401.ref005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0006043","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0006043","article-title":"Systematic review of community-based, school-based, and combined delivery modes for reaching school-aged children in mass drug administration programs for schistosomiasis.","volume":"11","author":"M Burnim","year":"2017","journal-title":"PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases."},{"issue":"11","key":"pntd.0010401.ref006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"617","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trstmh.2011.07.013","article-title":"Towards nationwide control of schistosomiasis in Yemen: a pilot project to expand treatment to the whole community","volume":"105","author":"A Oshish","year":"2011","journal-title":"Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg"},{"issue":"2\u20133","key":"pntd.0010401.ref007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"234","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2006.08.008","article-title":"A combined school- and community-based campaign targeting all school-age children of Burkina Faso against schistosomiasis and soil-transmitted helminthiasis: performance, financial costs and implications for sustainability","volume":"99","author":"AF Gabrielli","year":"2006","journal-title":"Acta Trop"},{"issue":"3","key":"pntd.0010401.ref008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1574","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0001574","article-title":"Implementing preventive chemotherapy through an integrated national neglected tropical disease control program in Mali.","volume":"6","author":"M Demb\u00e9l\u00e9","year":"2012","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"issue":"1","key":"pntd.0010401.ref009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0006166","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0006166","article-title":"Assessing the feasibility of interrupting the transmission of soil-transmitted helminths through mass drug administration: The DeWorm3 cluster randomized trial protocol.","volume":"12","author":"KH \u00c1sbj\u00f6rnsd\u00f3ttir","year":"2018","journal-title":"PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases"},{"issue":"11","key":"pntd.0010401.ref010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0008771","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0008771","article-title":"Baseline patterns of infection in regions of Benin, Malawi and India seeking to interrupt transmission of soil transmitted helminths (STH) in the DeWorm3 trial","volume":"14","author":"The DeWorm3 Trials Team","year":"2020","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop"},{"issue":"7","key":"pntd.0010401.ref011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"439","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpara.2016.01.006","article-title":"Impact of two rounds of praziquantel mass drug administration on Schistosoma mansoni infection prevalence and intensity: a comparison between community wide treatment and school based treatment in western Kenya","volume":"46","author":"IO Onkanga","year":"2016","journal-title":"International Journal for Parasitology"},{"issue":"11","key":"pntd.0010401.ref012","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0008771","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0008771","article-title":"Baseline patterns of infection in regions of Benin, Malawi and India seeking to interrupt transmission of soil transmitted helminths (STH) in the DeWorm3 trial.","volume":"14","author":"Team TDT","year":"2020","journal-title":"PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases"},{"key":"pntd.0010401.ref013","volume-title":"RStudio: Integrated Development for R","author":"RStudio Team","year":"2020"},{"key":"pntd.0010401.ref014","volume-title":"QGIS Geographic Information System","author":"QGIS Development Team","year":"2021"},{"issue":"43","key":"pntd.0010401.ref015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1686","DOI":"10.21105\/joss.01686","article-title":"Welcome to the tidyverse.","volume":"4","author":"Wickham","year":"2019","journal-title":"Journal of Open Source Software"},{"key":"pntd.0010401.ref016","unstructured":"Zheng\u2014Methods of Evaluating Estimators.pdf [Internet]. [cited 2021 Jun 10]. Available from: http:\/\/people.missouristate.edu\/songfengzheng\/teaching\/mth541\/lecture%20notes\/evaluation.pdf"},{"key":"pntd.0010401.ref017","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ross A., Willson V.L. (2017) Paired Samples T-Test. In: Basic and Advanced Statistical Tests. SensePublishers, Rotterdam.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-94-6351-086-8"},{"key":"pntd.0010401.ref018","volume-title":"International Encyclopedia of Statistical Science","author":"D. Rey","year":"2011"},{"issue":"3\/4","key":"pntd.0010401.ref019","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.2307\/2333709","article-title":"An analysis of variance for normality (complete samples).","volume":"52","author":"S.S. Shapiro","year":"1965","journal-title":"Biometrika"},{"key":"pntd.0010401.ref020","unstructured":"World Health Organization, Nutrition for Health and Development, World Health Organization, Department of Control of Neglected Tropical Diseases, World Health Organization. Preventive chemotherapy to control soil-transmitted helminth infections in at-risk population groups: guideline. [Internet]. 2017 [cited 2021 Jun 10]. Available from: http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/books\/NBK487927\/"},{"issue":"5","key":"pntd.0010401.ref021","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1208","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.18-0680","article-title":"Comparison of Reported and Survey-Based Coverage in Onchocerciasis Programs over a Period of 8 Years in Cameroon and Uganda","volume":"100","author":"MN Katabarwa","year":"2019","journal-title":"The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene"},{"issue":"2","key":"pntd.0010401.ref022","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"216","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.2012.12-0167","article-title":"Drug coverage surveys for neglected tropical diseases: 10 years of field experience","volume":"87","author":"C Worrell","year":"2012","journal-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg"},{"issue":"1 Suppl","key":"pntd.0010401.ref023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.19-0789","article-title":"Lessons Learned in Conducting Mass Drug Administration for Schistosomiasis Control and Measuring Coverage in an Operational Research Setting","volume":"103","author":"S Binder","year":"2020","journal-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg"},{"issue":"8","key":"pntd.0010401.ref024","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0008551","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0008551","article-title":"PLOS Comparison of World Health Organization and Demographic and Health Surveys data to estimate sub-national deworming coverage in pre-school aged children.","volume":"14","author":"NC Lo","year":"2020","journal-title":"Neglected Tropical Diseases."},{"issue":"10","key":"pntd.0010401.ref025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"588","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trstmh.2012.07.011","article-title":"Methods for estimating population coverage of mass distribution programmes: a review of practices in relation to trachoma control","volume":"106","author":"EA Cromwell","year":"2012","journal-title":"Transactions of The Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene"},{"key":"pntd.0010401.ref026","article-title":"Global mapping of urban\u2013rural catchment areas reveals unequal access to services","author":"A Cattaneo","year":"2021","journal-title":"PNAS [Internet]"},{"issue":"1","key":"pntd.0010401.ref027","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1324","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-58284-0","article-title":"Estimating hospital catchments from in-patient admission records: a spatial statistical approach applied to malaria.","volume":"10","author":"VA Alegana","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci Rep."},{"issue":"9","key":"pntd.0010401.ref028","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1978","DOI":"10.1017\/S0950268814000946","article-title":"Validation of three geolocation strategies for health-facility attendees for research and public health surveillance in a rural setting in western Kenya.","volume":"142","author":"GH Stresman","year":"2014","journal-title":"Epidemiology & Infection"},{"issue":"10185","key":"pntd.0010401.ref029","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2039","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(18)32591-1","article-title":"Effects, equity, and cost of school-based and community-wide treatment strategies for soil-transmitted helminths in Kenya: a cluster-randomised controlled trial","volume":"393","author":"RL Pullan","year":"2019","journal-title":"The Lancet"},{"issue":"2","key":"pntd.0010401.ref030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"205","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jiph.2018.10.002","article-title":"Barriers and gaps in utilization and coverage of mass drug administration program against soil-transmitted helminth infection in Bangladesh: An implementation research","volume":"12","author":"TC Nath","year":"2019","journal-title":"Journal of Infection and Public Health"}],"updated-by":[{"DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0010401","type":"new_version","label":"New version","source":"publisher","updated":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,20]],"date-time":"2023-04-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1681948800000}}],"container-title":["PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pntd.0010401","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,20]],"date-time":"2023-04-20T14:46:49Z","timestamp":1682002009000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pntd.0010401"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Xiao-Nong","family":"Zhou","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"editor"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,10]]},"references-count":30,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,10]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pntd.0010401","relation":{"has-preprint":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.1101\/2022.04.11.22273689","asserted-by":"object"}]},"ISSN":["1935-2735"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1935-2735","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,10]]}}}