{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,24]],"date-time":"2026-08-24T17:30:11Z","timestamp":1787592611488,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":44,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,15]],"date-time":"2022-06-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1655251200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/publicdomain\/zero\/1.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosntds.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS Negl Trop Dis"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Yellow fever virus (YFV) is a flavivirus that frequently causes outbreaks of hemorrhagic fever in Africa and South America and is considered a reemerging public health threat. Accurate diagnosis of yellow fever (YF) disease is critical as one confirmed case constitutes an outbreak and may trigger a mass vaccination campaign. Highly sensitive and specific molecular diagnostics have been developed; however, these assays require maintenance of cold-chain during transport of specimens to prevent the degradation of viral RNA prior to testing. Such cold-chain requirements are difficult to meet in some regions. In this study, we investigated Whatman FTA cards as an alternative stabilization method of YFV RNA for use in molecular diagnosis. Using contrived specimens, linear regression analysis showed that RNA detection from a single 6mm FTA card punch was significantly less sensitive than traditional RNA extraction; however, pooling RNA extracted from two FTA punches significantly lowered the limit of detection to be equal to that of the traditional RNA extraction gold standard. In experiments addressing the ability of FTA card methodology to stabilize YFV RNA at variable temperature, RNA could be detected for more than two weeks following storage at 25\u00b0C. Even more promising, YFV RNA was detectable on cards held at 37\u00b0C from two days to over two weeks depending on viral input. FTA cards were also shown to stabilize YFV RNA at high humidity if cards were desiccated prior to inoculation. These results support that FTA cards could be cost effective and easy to use in molecular diagnosis of YF, preserving viral RNA to allow for positive diagnoses in situations where maintaining cold-chain is not feasible.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0010487","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,15]],"date-time":"2022-06-15T17:57:49Z","timestamp":1655315869000},"page":"e0010487","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pntd.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Evaluation of Whatman FTA cards for the preservation of yellow fever virus RNA for use in molecular diagnostics"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6392-6538","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Emily H.","family":"Davis","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1853-4222","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Jason O.","family":"Velez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0408-999X","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Brandy J.","family":"Russell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5646-1557","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"A. Jane","family":"Basile","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Aaron C.","family":"Brault","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Holly R.","family":"Hughes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"pntd.0010487.ref001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/S0065-3527(03)60009-6","article-title":"Pathogenesis and Pathophysiology of Yellow Fever","author":"TP Monath","year":"2003","journal-title":"Adv Virus Res"},{"key":"pntd.0010487.ref002","article-title":"Yellow Fever Vaccine Booster Doses: Recommendations of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices, 2015","author":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)","year":"2015","journal-title":"MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep."},{"key":"pntd.0010487.ref003","author":"World Health Orgnization (WHO)","year":"2016","journal-title":"Global Strategy to Eliminate Yellow fever Epidemics (EYE) Executive summary. Fate Eff nearshore discharges OCS Prod waters"},{"key":"pntd.0010487.ref004","first-page":"1","author":"D Republic","year":"2016","journal-title":"Yellow fever laboratory diagnostic testing in Africa"},{"key":"pntd.0010487.ref005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1099\/0022-1317-70-1-37","article-title":"Antigenic relationships between flaviviruses as determined by cross-neutralization tests with polyclonal antisera","volume":"70","author":"CH Calisher","year":"1989","journal-title":"J Gen Virol"},{"key":"pntd.0010487.ref006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1112","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.2012.12-0182","article-title":"Detection of anti-yellow fever virus immunoglobulin m antibodies at 3\u20134 years following yellow fever vaccination","volume":"87","author":"KB Gibney","year":"2012","journal-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg"},{"key":"pntd.0010487.ref007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1867","DOI":"10.3201\/eid2311.171131","article-title":"Lineage-Specific Real-Time RT-PCR for Yellow Fever Virus Outbreak Surveillance, Brazil","volume":"23","author":"C Fischer","year":"2017","journal-title":"Emerg Infect Dis"},{"key":"pntd.0010487.ref008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e00323","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.00323-18","article-title":"Development of a real-Time reverse transcription-PCR assay for global differentiation of yellow fever virus vaccine-Related adverse events from natural infections","volume":"56","author":"HR Hughes","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Clin Microbiol"},{"key":"pntd.0010487.ref009","article-title":"Advanced yellow fever virus genome detection in point-of-care facilities and reference laboratories","author":"C Domingo","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Clin Microbiol"},{"key":"pntd.0010487.ref010","first-page":"1","author":"World Health Orgnization","year":"2021","journal-title":"Product: RealStar Yellow Fever Virus RT PCR Kit 1. 0"},{"key":"pntd.0010487.ref011","first-page":"56","article-title":"Stability of West Nile Virus (Flaviviridae: Flavivirus) RNA in Mosquito Excreta","author":"AL Ram\u00edrez","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Med Entomol"},{"key":"pntd.0010487.ref012","article-title":"An evaluation of dried blood spots and oral swabs as alternative specimens for the diagnosis of dengue and screening for past dengue virus exposure","author":"KL Anders","year":"2012","journal-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg"},{"key":"pntd.0010487.ref013","first-page":"185","article-title":"Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus RNA detection in different matrices under typical storage conditions in the UK","author":"J Fan","year":"2019","journal-title":"Vet Rec"},{"key":"pntd.0010487.ref014","first-page":"5","article-title":"Survey of Borreliae in ticks, canines, and white-tailed deer from Arkansas, U.S.A","author":"RTT Fryxell","year":"2012","journal-title":"Parasites and Vectors"},{"key":"pntd.0010487.ref015","first-page":"52","article-title":"Molecular detection of Rickettsia species within ticks (acari: Ixodidae) collected from Arkansas United States","author":"RTT Fryxell","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Med Entomol"},{"key":"pntd.0010487.ref016","first-page":"8","article-title":"First molecular evidence of Anaplasma bovis and Anaplasma phagocytophilum in Bovine from central Punjab, Pakistan","author":"N Iqbal","year":"2019","journal-title":"Pathogens"},{"key":"pntd.0010487.ref017","article-title":"Use of serum and blood samples on filter paper to improve the surveillance of dengue in Pacific Island Countries","author":"M Aubry","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Clin Virol"},{"key":"pntd.0010487.ref018","article-title":"PCR detection of dengue virus using dried whole blood spotted on filter paper","author":"I Prado","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Virol Methods"},{"key":"pntd.0010487.ref019","article-title":"Hepatitis C virus RNA in dried serum spotted onto filter paper is stable at room temperature","author":"K Abe","year":"1998","journal-title":"J Clin Microbiol"},{"key":"pntd.0010487.ref020","article-title":"Simple, sensitive, and specific detection of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 subtype B DNA in dried blood samples for diagnosis in infants in the field","author":"IA Beck","year":"2001","journal-title":"J Clin Microbiol"},{"key":"pntd.0010487.ref021","article-title":"Dried-Blood Spots: A Cost-Effective Field Method for the Detection of Chikungunya Virus Circulation in Remote Areas","author":"SF Andriamandimby","year":"2013","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"key":"pntd.0010487.ref022","first-page":"67","article-title":"Detection of measles virus RNA in whole blood stored on filter paper","author":"RS Katz","year":"2002","journal-title":"J Med Virol"},{"key":"pntd.0010487.ref023","first-page":"57","article-title":"Use of FTA cards to transport throat swabs and oral fluid samples for molecular detection and genotyping of measles and rubella viruses","author":"B Bankamp","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Clin Microbiol"},{"key":"pntd.0010487.ref024","first-page":"30","article-title":"Evaluation of FTA card for the rescue of infectious foot-and-mouth disease virus by chemical transfection of extracted RNA in cultured cells","author":"JK Biswal","year":"2016","journal-title":"Mol Cell Probes"},{"key":"pntd.0010487.ref025","article-title":"Manual for the monitoring of yellow fever virus infection","author":"World Health Orgnization","year":"2004","journal-title":"Packag (Boston, Mass)"},{"key":"pntd.0010487.ref026","article-title":"Attenuation of live-attenuated yellow fever 17D vaccine virus is localized to a high-fidelity replication complex","author":"EH Davis","year":"2019","journal-title":"MBio"},{"key":"pntd.0010487.ref027","article-title":"Construction of confidence limits about effect measures: A general approach","author":"GY Zou","year":"2008","journal-title":"Stat Med."},{"key":"pntd.0010487.ref028","first-page":"102","article-title":"Reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction testing on filter paper-dried serum for laboratory-based dengue surveillance-American Samoa, 2018","author":"EJ Curren","year":"2020","journal-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg"},{"key":"pntd.0010487.ref029","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102456","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fsigen.2020.102456","article-title":"The effect of environmental conditions on the rate of RNA degradation in dried blood stains","volume":"51","author":"N Heneghan","year":"2021","journal-title":"Forensic Sci Int Genet"},{"key":"pntd.0010487.ref030","first-page":"11","article-title":"Evaluation of nucleic acid preservation cards for West Nile virus testing in dead birds","author":"L Foss","year":"2016","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"pntd.0010487.ref031","first-page":"93","article-title":"Evaluation of nucleic acid stabilization products for ambient temperature shipping and storage of viral RNA and antibody in a dried whole blood format","author":"AL Dauner","year":"2015","journal-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg"},{"key":"pntd.0010487.ref032","article-title":"FTA cards facilitate storage, shipment, and detection of arboviruses in infected aedes aegypti collected in adult mosquito traps","author":"S Hall-Mendelin","year":"2017","journal-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg"},{"key":"pntd.0010487.ref033","first-page":"58","article-title":"Improving molecular tools for global surveillance of measles virus","author":"B Bankamp","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Clin Virol."},{"key":"pntd.0010487.ref034","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"474","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.2005.72.474","article-title":"Duration of infectivity and RNA of Venezuelan equine encephalitis, West Nile, and yellow fever viruses dried on filter paper and maintained at room temperature","volume":"72","author":"H Guzman","year":"2005","journal-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg"},{"key":"pntd.0010487.ref035","article-title":"Exploiting mosquito sugar feeding to detect mosquito-borne pathogens","author":"S Hall-Mendelin","year":"2010","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"key":"pntd.0010487.ref036","article-title":"Use of capillary blood samples as a new approach for diagnosis of dengue virus infection","author":"S Matheus","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Clin Microbiol"},{"key":"pntd.0010487.ref037","article-title":"Lipase and factor V (But not viral load) are prognostic factors for the evolution of severe yellow fever cases","author":"LVB Casadio","year":"2019","journal-title":"Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz"},{"key":"pntd.0010487.ref038","article-title":"Recent sylvatic yellow fever virus transmission in Brazil: The news from an old disease","author":"NIO Silva","year":"2020","journal-title":"Virology Journal"},{"key":"pntd.0010487.ref039","first-page":"27","article-title":"Differential yellow fever susceptibility in new world nonhuman primates, comparison with humans, and implications for surveillance","author":"NCC De Azevedo Fernandes","year":"2021","journal-title":"Emerg Infect Dis"},{"key":"pntd.0010487.ref040","first-page":"91","article-title":"Denv rna and anti-dengue antibody integrity in clinical samples on dried blood stabilization products during ambient temperature shipment","author":"T Gilliland","year":"2014","journal-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg"},{"key":"pntd.0010487.ref041","article-title":"West Nile virus adheres to human red blood cells in whole blood","author":"M Rios","year":"2007","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"pntd.0010487.ref042","article-title":"West Nile virus nucleic acid persistence in whole blood months after clearance in plasma: Implication for transfusion and transplantation safety","author":"MC Lanteri","year":"2014","journal-title":"Transfusion"},{"key":"pntd.0010487.ref043","article-title":"Detection of Zika virus RNA in whole blood of imported Zika virus disease cases up to 2 months after symptom onset, Israel, December 2015 to April 2016","author":"Y Lustig","year":"2016","journal-title":"Eurosurveillance"},{"key":"pntd.0010487.ref044","first-page":"65","article-title":"Vector-borne bacteria in blood of camels in Iran: New data and literature review","author":"A Sazmand","year":"2019","journal-title":"Comp Immunol Microbiol Infect Dis"}],"updated-by":[{"DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0011027","type":"correction","label":"Correction","source":"publisher","updated":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,30]],"date-time":"2022-12-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1672358400000}}],"container-title":["PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pntd.0010487","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,15]],"date-time":"2022-06-15T17:58:35Z","timestamp":1655315915000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pntd.0010487"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Pedro F. C.","family":"Vasconcelos","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"editor"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,15]]},"references-count":44,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,15]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pntd.0010487","relation":{"correction":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0011027","asserted-by":"object"}]},"ISSN":["1935-2735"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1935-2735","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,15]]}}}