{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T06:43:40Z","timestamp":1790837020018,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":67,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,18]],"date-time":"2022-07-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1658102400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003093","name":"Ministry of Education, Malaysia","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["(FRGS\/1\/2019\/STG03\/UKM\/03\/2)"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["(FRGS\/1\/2019\/STG03\/UKM\/03\/2)"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003093","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosntds.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS Negl Trop Dis"],"abstract":"<jats:sec id=\"sec001\">\n<jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>The aim of Malaysia to eliminate malaria nationwide by 2020 seems need to be prolonged. Whilst Malaysia has successfully eliminated human malaria transmission, simian malaria parasites such as <jats:italic>Plasmodium knowlesi<\/jats:italic>, <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>. <jats:italic>cynomolgi<\/jats:italic>, <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>. <jats:italic>inui<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>. <jats:italic>cynomolgi<\/jats:italic> are the emerging cause of malaria in humans. The epidemiological study of simian malaria in primates provides useful information in identifying the risk of human-macaques <jats:italic>Plasmodium<\/jats:italic> infection.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"sec002\">\n<jats:title>Methodology\/Principal findings<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>This study was performed to gather all available data in terms of simian malaria epidemiology study among macaques in Malaysia over the last two decades. This systematic review was conducted according to the PRISMA guidelines to select appropriate articles as references. Data searches were performed through international databases such as Google Scholar, PubMed, CrossRef, Scopus, Web of Science and Science Direct for original articles published from 2000 until 2021. The review identified seven simian malaria epidemiology studies in Malaysia over the 20-year study period. Most studies were conducted in Peninsular Malaysia (5\/7; 71%) followed by East Malaysia (2\/7; 29%). All studies showed positive detection of <jats:italic>Plasmodium<\/jats:italic> parasites in macaques. The most prevalent <jats:italic>Plasmodium<\/jats:italic> species in macaques was <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>. <jats:italic>inui<\/jats:italic> (49.27%) and the least prevalent was <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>. <jats:italic>fieldi<\/jats:italic> (4.76%). The prevalence of simian malaria was higher in East Malaysia compared to Peninsular Malaysia. The mono, dual and triple infection types were the most common among macaques.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"sec003\">\n<jats:title>Conclusion\/Significance<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>The non-human primates like macaques are the reservoir of simian plasmodium in Malaysia. Hence, the study of host epidemiology is an important insight to public health management as there is a high occurrence of simian malaria in Malaysia. The right measurement can be taken as well to prevent the transmission of simian malaria from macaques to humans.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0010527","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,18]],"date-time":"2022-07-18T17:31:06Z","timestamp":1658165466000},"page":"e0010527","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pntd.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":15,"title":["Prevalence of simian malaria among macaques in Malaysia (2000\u20132021): A systematic review"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1395-5423","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Janeeca","family":"Sam","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nadia Aqilla","family":"Shamsusah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Amatul Hamizah","family":"Ali","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rozita","family":"Hod","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4658-6532","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Mohd Rohaizat","family":"Hassan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2107-3869","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Hani Kartini","family":"Agustar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"pntd.0010527.ref001","volume-title":"World malaria report 2020: 20 years of global progress and challenges","year":"2020"},{"issue":"1","key":"pntd.0010527.ref002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.1111\/jmp.12389","article-title":"Gastrointestinal parasites of zoonotic importance observed in the wild, urban and captive populations of non-human primates in Malaysia","volume":"48","author":"M Adrus","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Med Primatol"},{"issue":"4","key":"pntd.0010527.ref003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e179","DOI":"10.1016\/S2542-5196(19)30045-2","article-title":"Environmental risk factors and exposure to the zoonotic malaria parasite Plasmodium knowlesi across northern Sabah, Malaysia: a population-based cross-sectional survey","volume":"3","author":"KM Fornace","year":"2019","journal-title":"Lancet Planet Health"},{"issue":"11","key":"pntd.0010527.ref004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1356","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/cir180","article-title":"Review of cases with the emerging fifth human malaria parasite, Plasmodium knowlesi","volume":"52","author":"ME Wilson","year":"2011","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"pntd.0010527.ref005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"66","DOI":"10.1016\/j.onehlt.2015.10.001","article-title":"Primate malarias: diversity, distribution and insights for zoonotic Plasmodium","volume":"1","author":"C Faust","year":"2015","journal-title":"One Health"},{"issue":"4","key":"pntd.0010527.ref006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"866","DOI":"10.1645\/GE-3348RN","article-title":"Additional observations on the sporozoite transmission of Plasmodium knowlesi to monkeys","volume":"90","author":"WE Collins","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Parasitol"},{"issue":"3","key":"pntd.0010527.ref007","first-page":"299","article-title":"The emerging of the fifth malaria parasite (Plasmodium knowlesi)","volume":"14","author":"S Sabbatani","year":"2010","journal-title":"A public health concern? 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