{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,9]],"date-time":"2026-04-09T01:58:19Z","timestamp":1775699899293,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":118,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,27]],"date-time":"2022-06-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1656288000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100004440","name":"Wellcome Trust","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["WT082028MA"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["WT082028MA"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100004440","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000272","name":"National Institute for Health Research","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["16\/136\/33"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["16\/136\/33"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000272","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosntds.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS Negl Trop Dis"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Cytokines mediate T-helper (T<jats:sub>H<\/jats:sub>) responses that are crucial for determining the course of infection and disease. The expression of cytokines is regulated by transcription factors (TFs). Here we present the frequencies of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in cytokine and TF genes in a Zimbabwean population, and further relate SNPs to susceptibility to schistosomiasis and cytokine levels. Individuals (N = 850) were genotyped for SNPs across the cytokines<jats:italic>IL4<\/jats:italic>,<jats:italic>IL10<\/jats:italic>,<jats:italic>IL13<\/jats:italic>,<jats:italic>IL33<\/jats:italic>, and<jats:italic>IFNG<\/jats:italic>, and their TFs<jats:italic>STAT4<\/jats:italic>,<jats:italic>STAT5A\/B<\/jats:italic>,<jats:italic>STAT6<\/jats:italic>,<jats:italic>GATA3<\/jats:italic>,<jats:italic>FOXP3<\/jats:italic>, and<jats:italic>TBX21<\/jats:italic>to determine allele frequencies. Circulatory levels of systemic and parasite-specific IL-4, IL-5, IL-10, IL-13, and IFN\u03b3 were quantified via enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay.<jats:italic>Schistosoma haematobium<\/jats:italic>infection was determined by enumerating parasite eggs excreted in urine by microscopy. SNP allele frequencies were related to infection status by case-control analysis and logistic regression, and egg burdens and systemic and parasite-specific cytokine levels by analysis of variance and linear regression. Novel findings were i)<jats:italic>IL4<\/jats:italic>rs2070874*T\u2019s association with protection from schistosomiasis, as carriage of \u22651 allele gave an odds ratio of infection of 0.597 (95% CIs, 0.421\u20130.848, p = 0.0021) and<jats:italic>IFNG<\/jats:italic>rs2069727*G\u2019s association with susceptibility to schistosomiasis as carriage of \u22651 allele gave an odds ratio of infection of 1.692 (1.229\u20132.33, p = 0.0013). Neither<jats:italic>IL4<\/jats:italic>rs2070874*T nor<jats:italic>IFNG<\/jats:italic>rs2069727*G were significantly associated with cytokine levels. This study found T<jats:sub>H<\/jats:sub>2-upregulating SNPs were more frequent among the Zimbabwean sample compared to African and European populations, highlighting the value of immunogenetic studies of African populations in the context of infectious diseases and other conditions, including allergic and atopic disease. In addition, the identification of novel infection-associated alleles in both T<jats:sub>H<\/jats:sub>1- and T<jats:sub>H<\/jats:sub>2-associated genes highlights the role of both in regulating and controlling responses to<jats:italic>Schistosoma<\/jats:italic>.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0010536","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,27]],"date-time":"2022-06-27T17:23:47Z","timestamp":1656350627000},"page":"e0010536","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pntd.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Frequency distribution of cytokine and associated transcription factor single nucleotide polymorphisms in Zimbabweans: Impact on schistosome infection and cytokine levels"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6106-6498","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Andrew John","family":"Hanton","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Fiona","family":"Scott","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Katharina","family":"Stenzel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Norman","family":"Nausch","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Grace","family":"Zdesenko","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Takafira","family":"Mduluza","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Francisca","family":"Mutapi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,27]]},"reference":[{"issue":"9","key":"pntd.0010536.ref001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"428","DOI":"10.1111\/pim.12084","article-title":"Immune 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