{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,27]],"date-time":"2026-03-27T11:51:11Z","timestamp":1774612271816,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":91,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,29]],"date-time":"2022-06-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1656460800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosntds.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS Negl Trop Dis"],"abstract":"<jats:sec id=\"sec001\">\n<jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>In areas with both <jats:italic>Plasmodium vivax<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>Plasmodium falciparum<\/jats:italic> malaria, interventions can reduce the burden of both species but the impact may vary due to their different biology. Knowing the expected relative impact on the two species over time for vector- and drug-based interventions, and the factors affecting this, could help plan and evaluate intervention strategies.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"sec002\">\n<jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>For three interventions (treated bed nets (ITN), mass drug administration (MDA) and indoor residual spraying (IRS)), we identified studies providing information on the proportion of clinical illness and patent infections attributed to <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>. <jats:italic>vivax<\/jats:italic> over time using a literature search. The change in the proportion of malaria attributed to <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>. <jats:italic>vivax<\/jats:italic> up to two years since implementation was estimated using logistic regression accounting for clustering with random effects. Potential factors (intervention type, coverage, relapse pattern, transmission intensity, seasonality, initial proportion of <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>. <jats:italic>vivax<\/jats:italic> and round of intervention) were assessed.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"sec003\">\n<jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>In total there were 55 studies found that led to 72 series of time-points for clinical case data and 69 series for patent infection data. The main reason of study exclusion was insufficient information on interventions. There was considerable variation in the proportion of malaria attributed to <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>. <jats:italic>vivax<\/jats:italic> over time by study and location for all of the interventions. Overall, there was an increase apart from MDA in the short-term. The potential factors could not be ruled in or out. Although not consistently significant, coverage, transmission intensity and relapse pattern are possible factors that explain some of the variation found.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"sec004\">\n<jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>While there are reports of an increase in the proportion of malaria due to <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>. <jats:italic>vivax<\/jats:italic> following interventions in the long-term, there was substantial variation for the shorter time-scales considered in this study (up to 24 months for IRS and ITN, and up to six months for MDA). The large variability points to the need for the monitoring of both species after an intervention. Studies should report intervention timing and characteristics to allow inclusion in systematic reviews.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0010541","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,29]],"date-time":"2022-06-29T17:38:11Z","timestamp":1656524291000},"page":"e0010541","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pntd.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["The relative impact of interventions on sympatric Plasmodium vivax and Plasmodium falciparum malaria: A systematic review"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Melanie","family":"Loeffel","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6027-5645","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Amanda","family":"Ross","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"pntd.0010541.ref001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.30875\/6c551ba0-en","volume-title":"World malaria report 2021","author":"World Health Organization","year":"2021"},{"issue":"10195","key":"pntd.0010541.ref002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"332","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(19)31096-7","article-title":"Mapping the global endemicity and clinical burden of Plasmodium vivax, 2000\u201317: a spatial and temporal modelling study","volume":"394","author":"KE Battle","year":"2019","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"10195","key":"pntd.0010541.ref003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"322","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(19)31097-9","article-title":"Mapping the global prevalence, incidence, and mortality of Plasmodium falciparum, 2000\u201317: a spatial and temporal modelling study","volume":"394","author":"DJ Weiss","year":"2019","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"pntd.0010541.ref004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1186\/1475-2875-7-99","article-title":"Longitudinal study of Plasmodium falciparum and Plasmodium vivax in a Karen population in Thailand","volume":"7","author":"W Phimpraphi","year":"2008","journal-title":"Malar J"},{"issue":"11","key":"pntd.0010541.ref005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1434","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jix507","article-title":"Sustained malaria control over an 8-Year period in Papua New Guinea: The challenge of low-density asymptomatic Plasmodium Infections","volume":"216","author":"C Koepfli","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Inf Dis"},{"issue":"6","key":"pntd.0010541.ref006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"560","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pt.2020.03.009","article-title":"Plasmodium vivax in the Era of the Shrinking P. falciparum Map","volume":"36","author":"RN Price","year":"2020","journal-title":"Trends Parasitol"},{"issue":"1","key":"pntd.0010541.ref007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"220","DOI":"10.1186\/s12916-019-1456-9","article-title":"Differential impact of malaria control interventions on P. falciparum and P. vivax infections in young Papua New Guinean children","volume":"17","author":"M Ome-Kaius","year":"2019","journal-title":"BMC Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"pntd.0010541.ref008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.19-0496","article-title":"Declining Burden of Plasmodium vivax in a population in Northwestern Thailand from 1995 to 2016 before comprehensive primaquine prescription for radical cure","volume":"102","author":"CS Chu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg"},{"key":"pntd.0010541.ref009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17050","DOI":"10.1038\/nrdp.2017.50","article-title":"Malaria","volume":"3","author":"MA Phillips","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nature Reviews Disease Primers"},{"key":"pntd.0010541.ref010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"401","DOI":"10.1186\/1475-2875-12-401","article-title":"Repeated mass distributions and continuous distribution of long-lasting insecticidal nets: modelling sustainability of health benefits from mosquito nets, depending on case management","volume":"12","author":"OJ Bri\u00ebt","year":"2013","journal-title":"Malar J"},{"issue":"12","key":"pntd.0010541.ref011","first-page":"CD008846","article-title":"Mass drug administration for malaria","volume":"2013","author":"E Poirot","year":"2013","journal-title":"Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews"},{"issue":"4","key":"pntd.0010541.ref012","first-page":"CD006657","article-title":"Indoor residual spraying for preventing malaria","volume":"2010","author":"B Pluess","year":"2010","journal-title":"The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews"},{"issue":"11","key":"pntd.0010541.ref013","first-page":"CD000363","article-title":"Insecticide-treated nets for preventing malaria","volume":"11","author":"J Pryce","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews"},{"issue":"2","key":"pntd.0010541.ref014","first-page":"CD000363","article-title":"Insecticide-treated bed nets and curtains for preventing malaria","author":"C. Lengeler","year":"2004","journal-title":"Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews"},{"issue":"5","key":"pntd.0010541.ref015","first-page":"CD012688","article-title":"Indoor residual spraying for preventing malaria in communities using insecticide-treated nets","volume":"5","author":"L Choi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews"},{"key":"pntd.0010541.ref016","author":"A. Rohatgi","year":"2021","journal-title":"WebPlotDigitizer [Internet]"},{"issue":"10","key":"pntd.0010541.ref017","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"458","DOI":"10.1016\/S1471-4922(02)02373-5","article-title":"The assessment of antimalarial drug efficacy","volume":"18","author":"NJ White","year":"2002","journal-title":"Trends Parasitol"},{"issue":"2","key":"pntd.0010541.ref018","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e4383","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0004383","article-title":"Loss of population levels of immunity to malaria as a result of exposure-reducing interventions: consequences for interpretation of disease trends","volume":"4","author":"AC Ghani","year":"2009","journal-title":"PLOS ONE"},{"key":"pntd.0010541.ref019","first-page":"9","article-title":"Determinants of MDA impact and designing MDAs towards malaria elimination","author":"B Gao","year":"2020","journal-title":"eLife"},{"issue":"6","key":"pntd.0010541.ref020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"614","DOI":"10.1016\/S0035-9203(96)90406-X","article-title":"The interaction between Plasmodium falciparum and P. vivax in children on Espiritu Santo island, Vanuatu","volume":"90","author":"K Maitland","year":"1996","journal-title":"Trans Roy Soc Trop Med Hyg"},{"issue":"5","key":"pntd.0010541.ref021","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0004582","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0004582","article-title":"The incidence and differential seasonal patterns of Plasmodium vivax primary infections and relapses in a cohort of children in Papua New Guinea","volume":"10","author":"A Ross","journal-title":"PLOS Negl Trop Dis2016"},{"issue":"2","key":"pntd.0010541.ref022","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e9047","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0009047","article-title":"Differential patterns of infection and disease with P. falciparum and P. vivax in young Papua New Guinean children","volume":"5","author":"E Lin","year":"2010","journal-title":"PLOS ONE"},{"key":"pntd.0010541.ref023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"132","DOI":"10.1186\/1756-3305-7-132","article-title":"Effect of combining mosquito repellent and insecticide treated net on malaria prevalence in Southern Ethiopia: a cluster-randomised trial","volume":"7","author":"W Deressa","year":"2014","journal-title":"Parasit Vector"},{"issue":"2","key":"pntd.0010541.ref024","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.1016\/0035-9203(94)90273-9","article-title":"Permethrin-impregnated bed nets for the prevention of malaria in schoolchildren on the Thai-Burmese border","volume":"88","author":"C Luxemburger","year":"1994","journal-title":"Trans Roy Soc Trop Med Hyg"},{"issue":"4","key":"pntd.0010541.ref025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"357","DOI":"10.1016\/S0035-9203(96)90505-2","article-title":"Pyrethroid-impregnated bed nets for personal protection against malaria for Afghan refugees","volume":"90","author":"M Rowland","year":"1996","journal-title":"Trans Roy Soc Trop Med Hyg"},{"issue":"1","key":"pntd.0010541.ref026","first-page":"23","article-title":"Sustainability of pyrethroid-impregnated bednets for malaria control in Afghan communities","volume":"75","author":"M Rowland","year":"1997","journal-title":"Bull WHO"},{"key":"pntd.0010541.ref027","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"297","DOI":"10.1186\/1475-2875-10-297","article-title":"Determinants of relapse periodicity in Plasmodium vivax malaria","volume":"10","author":"NJ White","year":"2011","journal-title":"Malar J"},{"key":"pntd.0010541.ref028","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"343","DOI":"10.1186\/s12936-015-0849-2","article-title":"Seasonality of Plasmodium falciparum transmission: a systematic review","volume":"14","author":"RC Reiner","year":"2015","journal-title":"Malar J"},{"issue":"11\u201312","key":"pntd.0010541.ref029","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3281","DOI":"10.1007\/s00382-014-2278-2","article-title":"Analysis of rainfall seasonality from observations and climate models","volume":"44","author":"S Pascale","year":"2015","journal-title":"Climate Dynamics"},{"key":"pntd.0010541.ref030","article-title":"Chapter 25: Assessing risk of bias in a non-randomized study","author":"JAC Sterne","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions version 6.2"},{"key":"pntd.0010541.ref031","volume-title":"R: a language and enviornment for statistical computing","author":"R Core Team","year":"2020"},{"key":"pntd.0010541.ref032","author":"R. Iannone","year":"2020","journal-title":"DiagrammeR: Graph\/Network Visualization"},{"key":"pntd.0010541.ref033","article-title":"Original S code by Richard A. Becker and Allan R. Wilks","year":"2018","journal-title":"R version by Ray Brownrigg. Enhancements by Thomas P Minka and Alex Deckmyn. maps: Draw Geographical Maps"},{"key":"pntd.0010541.ref034","author":"H. Wickham","year":"2016","journal-title":"ggplot2: Elegant Graphics for Data Analysis: Springer-Verlag New York"},{"key":"pntd.0010541.ref035","author":"A. South","year":"2017","journal-title":"rnaturalearth: World Map Data from Natural Earth"},{"issue":"1","key":"pntd.0010541.ref036","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.18637\/jss.v040.i01","article-title":"The Split-Apply-Combine Strategy for Data Analysis","volume":"40","author":"H. Wickham","year":"2011","journal-title":"Journal of Statistical Software"},{"issue":"12","key":"pntd.0010541.ref037","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.18637\/jss.v021.i12","article-title":"Reshaping Data with the reshape Package","volume":"21","author":"H. Wickham","year":"2007","journal-title":"Journal of Statistical Software"},{"issue":"1","key":"pntd.0010541.ref038","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.18637\/jss.v067.i01","article-title":"Fitting linear mixed-effects models using lme4","volume":"67","author":"D Bates","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Stat Software"},{"issue":"2","key":"pntd.0010541.ref039","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2011.04.017","article-title":"Entomological and epidemiological attributes for malaria transmission and implementation of vector control in southern Iran","volume":"121","author":"AA Hanafi-Bojd","year":"2012","journal-title":"Acta Trop"},{"issue":"1","key":"pntd.0010541.ref040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"180","DOI":"10.1186\/s12936-018-2326-1","article-title":"Characterization of Plasmodium falciparum and Plasmodium vivax recent exposure in an area of significantly decreased transmission intensity in Central Vietnam","volume":"17","author":"JH Kattenberg","year":"2018","journal-title":"Malar J"},{"issue":"6","key":"pntd.0010541.ref041","first-page":"869","article-title":"Reduction in incidence and prevalence of Plasmodium falciparum in under-5-year-old children by permethrin impregnation of mosquito nets","volume":"65","author":"PM Graves","year":"1987","journal-title":"Bull WHO"},{"issue":"1","key":"pntd.0010541.ref042","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"340","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-016-1635-x","article-title":"Changes in malaria burden and transmission in sentinel sites after the roll-out of long-lasting insecticidal nets in Papua New Guinea","volume":"9","author":"MW Hetzel","year":"2016","journal-title":"Parasit Vector"},{"issue":"11","key":"pntd.0010541.ref043","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1771","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jis580","article-title":"Relapses contribute significantly to the risk of Plasmodium vivax infection and disease in Papua New Guinean children 1\u20135 years of age","volume":"206","author":"I Betuela","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Inf Dis"},{"issue":"1","key":"pntd.0010541.ref044","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"411","DOI":"10.1186\/s12936-018-2563-3","article-title":"Malaria in Meghalaya: a systematic literature review and analysis of data from the National Vector-Borne Disease Control Programme","volume":"17","author":"A Kessler","year":"2018","journal-title":"Malar J"},{"key":"pntd.0010541.ref045","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100","DOI":"10.1186\/1475-2875-7-100","article-title":"Malaria transmission pattern resilience to climatic variability is mediated by insecticide-treated nets","volume":"7","author":"LF Chaves","year":"2008","journal-title":"Malar J"},{"issue":"3","key":"pntd.0010541.ref046","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"285","DOI":"10.1016\/S0001-706X(98)00035-7","article-title":"Malaria epidemiology, glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency and human settlement in the Vanuatu Archipelago","volume":"70","author":"A Kaneko","year":"1998","journal-title":"Acta Trop"},{"issue":"1","key":"pntd.0010541.ref047","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1186\/s12936-019-2775-1","article-title":"Long-lasting insecticidal nets and indoor residual spraying may not be sufficient to eliminate malaria in a low malaria incidence area: results from a cluster randomized controlled trial in Ethiopia","volume":"18","author":"E Loha","year":"2019","journal-title":"Malar J"},{"issue":"2","key":"pntd.0010541.ref048","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e56740","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0056740","article-title":"The impact of artemisinin combination therapy and long-lasting insecticidal nets on forest malaria incidence in tribal villages of India, 2006\u20132011","volume":"8","author":"NK Shah","year":"2013","journal-title":"PLOS ONE"},{"issue":"1","key":"pntd.0010541.ref049","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2003.07.002","article-title":"Impact of alphacypermethrin treated bed nets on malaria in villages of Malkangiri district, Orissa, India","volume":"89","author":"SS Sahu","year":"2003","journal-title":"Acta Tropica"},{"key":"pntd.0010541.ref050","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"385","DOI":"10.1186\/1475-2875-13-385","article-title":"Spatial and temporal epidemiology of clinical malaria in Cambodia 2004\u20132013","volume":"13","author":"RJ Maude","year":"2014","journal-title":"Malar J"},{"key":"pntd.0010541.ref051","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"188","DOI":"10.1186\/1475-2875-13-188","article-title":"Analysis of trend of malaria prevalence in south-west Ethiopia: a retrospective comparative study","volume":"13","author":"LD Sena","year":"2014","journal-title":"Malar J"},{"issue":"9","key":"pntd.0010541.ref052","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1499","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiy686","article-title":"Contribution of asymptomatic Plasmodium infections to the transmission of malaria in Kayin State, Myanmar","volume":"219","author":"V Chaumeau","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Inf Dis"},{"key":"pntd.0010541.ref053","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.12688\/wellcomeopenres.12240.1","article-title":"Safety and effectiveness of mass drug administration to accelerate elimination of artemisinin-resistant falciparum malaria: A pilot trial in four villages of Eastern Myanmar","volume":"2","author":"J Landier","year":"2017","journal-title":"Wellcome Open Res"},{"issue":"1","key":"pntd.0010541.ref054","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"364","DOI":"10.1186\/s12936-019-2993-6","article-title":"Repeated mosquito net distributions, improved treatment, and trends in malaria cases in sentinel health facilities in Papua New Guinea","volume":"18","author":"D Rodriguez-Rodriguez","year":"2019","journal-title":"Malar J"},{"key":"pntd.0010541.ref055","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"98","DOI":"10.1186\/1475-2875-12-98","article-title":"Malaria epidemiology in Lihir Island, Papua New Guinea","volume":"12","author":"O Mitj\u00e0","year":"2013","journal-title":"Malar J"},{"issue":"10","key":"pntd.0010541.ref056","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e47354","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0047354","article-title":"Effect of bednets and indoor residual spraying on spatio-temporal clustering of malaria in a village in south Ethiopia: a longitudinal study","volume":"7","author":"E Loha","year":"2012","journal-title":"PLOS ONE"},{"issue":"1","key":"pntd.0010541.ref057","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"379","DOI":"10.1186\/s12936-019-3000-y","article-title":"Rubber plantations and drug resistant malaria: a cross-sectional survey in Cambodia","volume":"18","author":"R Thomson","year":"2019","journal-title":"Malar J"},{"issue":"10","key":"pntd.0010541.ref058","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"813","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-3156.2002.00940.x","article-title":"Prevention of malaria in Afghanistan through social marketing of insecticide-treated nets: evaluation of coverage and effectiveness by cross-sectional surveys and passive surveillance","volume":"7","author":"M Rowland","year":"2002","journal-title":"Trop Med Int Health"},{"key":"pntd.0010541.ref059","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"363","DOI":"10.1186\/1475-2875-12-363","article-title":"The effect of insecticide-treated bed nets on the incidence and prevalence of malaria in children in an area of unstable seasonal transmission in western Myanmar","volume":"12","author":"FM Smithuis","year":"2013","journal-title":"Malar J"},{"issue":"4","key":"pntd.0010541.ref060","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"333","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2915.1993.tb00701.x","article-title":"Impact of permethrin-impregnated mosquito nets compared with DDT house-spraying against malaria transmission by Anopheles farauti and An.punctulatus in the Solomon Islands","volume":"7","author":"JL Hii","year":"1993","journal-title":"Med Vet Entomol"},{"issue":"10","key":"pntd.0010541.ref061","first-page":"695","article-title":"Insecticide-treated nets and malaria prevalence, Papua New Guinea, 2008\u20132014","volume":"95","author":"MW Hetzel","year":"2017","journal-title":"Bull WHO"},{"issue":"12","key":"pntd.0010541.ref062","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1745","DOI":"10.1111\/tmi.12616","article-title":"Prevalence of malaria across Papua New Guinea after initial roll-out of insecticide-treated mosquito nets","volume":"20","author":"MW Hetzel","year":"2015","journal-title":"Trop Med Int Health"},{"key":"pntd.0010541.ref063","first-page":"2018","article-title":"Papua New Guinea malaria indicator survey 2016\u20132017: malaria prevention, infection and treatment","author":"MW Hetzel","year":"2018","journal-title":"Papua New Guinea Institue of Medical Research, Goroka"},{"key":"pntd.0010541.ref064","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"387","DOI":"10.1186\/1475-2875-13-387","article-title":"Spatial clustering and risk factors of malaria infections in Ratanakiri Province, Cambodia","volume":"13","author":"V Sluydts","year":"2014","journal-title":"Malar J"},{"issue":"10","key":"pntd.0010541.ref065","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1169","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(16)30148-7","article-title":"Efficacy of topical mosquito repellent (picaridin) plus long-lasting insecticidal nets versus long-lasting insecticidal nets alone for control of malaria: a cluster randomised controlled trial","volume":"16","author":"V Sluydts","year":"2016","journal-title":"Lancet Inf Dis"},{"issue":"1","key":"pntd.0010541.ref066","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"198","DOI":"10.1186\/s12936-020-03265-x","article-title":"The epidemiology of Plasmodium falciparum and Plasmodium vivax in East Sepik Province, Papua New Guinea, pre- and post-implementation of national malaria control efforts","volume":"19","author":"JH Kattenberg","year":"2020","journal-title":"Malar J"},{"issue":"8348","key":"pntd.0010541.ref067","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"500","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(83)90523-8","article-title":"Changes in malaria incidence after mass drug administration in Nicaragua","volume":"2","author":"RM Garfield","year":"1983","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"4","key":"pntd.0010541.ref068","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"485","DOI":"10.1590\/S0074-02761989000400005","article-title":"Effects of immigration on the prevalence of malaria in rural areas of the Amazon basin of Brazil","volume":"84","author":"PB McGreevy","year":"1989","journal-title":"Memorias do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz"},{"issue":"4","key":"pntd.0010541.ref069","first-page":"293","article-title":"Mass drug administration in Andhra Pradesh in areas under Plasmodium falciparum containment programme","volume":"17","author":"AV Kondrashin","year":"1985","journal-title":"J Communic Dis"},{"issue":"10133","key":"pntd.0010541.ref070","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1916","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(18)30792-X","article-title":"Effect of generalised access to early diagnosis and treatment and targeted mass drug administration on Plasmodium falciparum malaria in Eastern Myanmar: an observational study of a regional elimination programme","volume":"391","author":"J Landier","year":"2018","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"pntd.0010541.ref071","volume-title":"Guidelines for the treatment of malaria","author":"World Health Organization","year":"2015"},{"key":"pntd.0010541.ref072","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e23708","DOI":"10.7554\/eLife.23708","article-title":"The complex relationship of exposure to new Plasmodium infections and incidence of clinical malaria in Papua New Guinea","volume":"6","author":"NE Hofmann","year":"2017","journal-title":"eLife"},{"issue":"10","key":"pntd.0010541.ref073","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1001891","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.1001891","article-title":"Strategies for understanding and reducing the Plasmodium vivax and Plasmodium ovale hypnozoite reservoir in Papua New Guinean children: a randomised placebo-controlled trial and mathematical model","volume":"12","author":"LJ Robinson","year":"2015","journal-title":"PLOS Med"},{"issue":"4","key":"pntd.0010541.ref074","article-title":", Mer G Periodic intermittent treatment with chinoplasmine as a measure of malaria control in a hyperendemic area","volume":"10","author":"I Kligler","year":"1931","journal-title":"Revista di Malariologia"},{"key":"pntd.0010541.ref075","first-page":"351","article-title":"Mass treatment of malaria with chloroquine. Results of a trial in Inanwatan","volume":"13","author":"DW van","year":"1961","journal-title":"Trop Geogr Med"},{"key":"pntd.0010541.ref076","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"319","DOI":"10.1186\/s12936-015-0838-5","article-title":"Elimination of Plasmodium falciparum in an area of multi-drug resistance","volume":"14","author":"KM Lwin","year":"2015","journal-title":"Malar J"},{"issue":"4","key":"pntd.0010541.ref077","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.00011-19","article-title":"8-aminoquinoline therapy for latent malaria","volume":"32","author":"JK Baird","year":"2019","journal-title":"Clin Microbiol Rev"},{"issue":"4","key":"pntd.0010541.ref078","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"433","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.1959.8.433","article-title":"An attempt to eradicate malaria by the weekly administration of pyrimethamine in areas of out-of-doors transmission in Venezuela","volume":"8","author":"A Gabaldon","year":"1959","journal-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg"},{"issue":"10","key":"pntd.0010541.ref079","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1512","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-3156.2006.01703.x","article-title":"Malaria control using indoor residual spraying and larvivorous fish: a case study in Betul, central Indi","volume":"11","author":"N Singh","year":"2006","journal-title":"Trop MedInt Health"},{"key":"pntd.0010541.ref080","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"208","DOI":"10.1186\/s12936-016-1253-2","article-title":"Identification of different malaria patterns due to Plasmodium falciparum and Plasmodium vivax in Ethiopian children: a prospective cohort study","volume":"15","author":"D Seyoum","year":"2016","journal-title":"Malar J"},{"issue":"3","key":"pntd.0010541.ref081","first-page":"190","article-title":"Impact of single round of indoor residual spray with lambda-cyhalotrin 10% WP on Plasmodium falciparum infection in Akola district, Maharashtra State","volume":"32","author":"PP Doke","year":"2000","journal-title":"J Communic Dis"},{"issue":"1","key":"pntd.0010541.ref082","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1016\/0001-706X(95)00092-S","article-title":"A field trial with lambda-cyhalothrin (ICON) for the intradomiciliary control of malaria transmitted by Anopheles darlingi root in Rondonia, Brazil","volume":"60","author":"JD Charlwood","year":"1995","journal-title":"Acta Trop"},{"issue":"10","key":"pntd.0010541.ref083","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"623","DOI":"10.1093\/trstmh\/trz046","article-title":"Field evaluation of zero vector durable lining to assess its efficacy against malaria vectors and malaria transmission in tribal areas of the Balaghat district of central India","volume":"113","author":"AK Mishra","year":"2019","journal-title":"Trans Roy Soc Trop Med Hyg"},{"issue":"3","key":"pntd.0010541.ref084","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"252","DOI":"10.1016\/S0035-9203(97)90065-1","article-title":"Transmission and control of vivax malaria in Afghan refugee settlements in Pakistan","volume":"91","author":"M Rowland","year":"1997","journal-title":"Trans Roy SocTrop Med Hyg"},{"issue":"7","key":"pntd.0010541.ref085","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"472","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-3156.2000.00581.x","article-title":"Indoor residual spraying with alphacypermethrin controls malaria in Pakistan: a community-randomized trial","volume":"5","author":"M Rowland","year":"2000","journal-title":"Trop Med Int Health"},{"key":"pntd.0010541.ref086","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"327","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.1961.10.327","article-title":"Seven years\u2019 malaria research and residual house spraying in Netherlands New Guinea","volume":"10","author":"D. Metselaar","year":"1961","journal-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg"},{"issue":"4","key":"pntd.0010541.ref087","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"378","DOI":"10.1016\/0035-9203(94)90388-3","article-title":"Prevalence of malaria in Afghan refugee villages in Pakistan sprayed with lambdacyhalothrin or malathion","volume":"88","author":"M Rowland","year":"1994","journal-title":"Trans Roy Soc Trop Med Hyg"},{"issue":"2","key":"pntd.0010541.ref088","first-page":"54","article-title":"Impact of DDT spraying on malaria transmission in Bareilly District, Uttar Pradesh, India","volume":"42","author":"SN Sharma","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Vector Borne Dis"},{"issue":"4","key":"pntd.0010541.ref089","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1003560","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.1003560","article-title":"The changing epidemiology of Plasmodium vivax: Insights from conventional and novel surveillance tools","volume":"18","author":"S Auburn","year":"2021","journal-title":"PLOS Med"},{"key":"pntd.0010541.ref090","unstructured":"World Health Organization. Malaria 2020 [updated 14.1.2020. Available from: https:\/\/www.who.int\/news-room\/fact-sheets\/detail\/malaria."},{"issue":"1","key":"pntd.0010541.ref091","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1186\/s12936-020-03158-z","article-title":"Evaluating malaria programmes in moderate- and low-transmission settings: practical ways to generate robust evidence","volume":"19","author":"RA Ashton","year":"2020","journal-title":"Malar J"}],"container-title":["PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pntd.0010541","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,29]],"date-time":"2022-06-29T17:39:40Z","timestamp":1656524380000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pntd.0010541"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Rhoel Ramos","family":"Dinglasan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"editor","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,29]]},"references-count":91,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,29]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pntd.0010541","relation":{},"ISSN":["1935-2735"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1935-2735","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,29]]}}}