{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,4]],"date-time":"2026-08-04T16:16:51Z","timestamp":1785860211061,"version":"3.56.0"},"update-to":[{"DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0010570","type":"new_version","label":"New version","source":"publisher","updated":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,8]],"date-time":"2022-08-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1659916800000}}],"reference-count":83,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,27]],"date-time":"2022-07-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1658880000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100004440","name":"wellcome trust","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["H3A\/18\/004"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["H3A\/18\/004"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100004440","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosntds.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS Negl Trop Dis"],"abstract":"<jats:sec id=\"sec001\">\n<jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Knowing the prevalence of schistosomiasis is key to informing programmes to control and eliminate the disease as a public health problem. It is also important to understand the impact of infection on child growth and development in order to allocate appropriate resources and effort to the control of the disease.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"sec002\">\n<jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>We conducted a survey to estimate the prevalence of schistosomiasis among school aged children in villages along the Albert-Nile shore line in the district of Pakwach, North Western Uganda. A total of 914 children aged between 10\u201315 years were screened for <jats:italic>Schistosoma mansoni<\/jats:italic> using the POC-CCA and Kato Katz (KK) techniques. The infection intensities were assessed by POC-CCA and KK as well as CAA tests. The KK intensities were also correlated with POC-CCA and with CAA intensity. Anthropometric measurements were also taken and multivariate analysis was carried out to investigate their association with infection status.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"sec003\">\n<jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>The prevalence of schistosomiasis using the POC-CCA diagnostic test was estimated at 85% (95% CI: 83\u201387), being highest amongst children living closer to the Albert-Nile shoreline. Visual scoring of the POC-CCA results was more sensitive than the Kato Katz test and was positively correlated with the quantified infection intensities by the CAA test. The majority of the children were underweight (BMI&lt;18.5), and most notably, boys had significantly lower height for age (stunting) than girls in the same age range (p &lt; 0.0001), but this was not directly associated with <jats:italic>S<\/jats:italic>. <jats:italic>mansoni<\/jats:italic> infection.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"sec004\">\n<jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>High prevalence of <jats:italic>S<\/jats:italic>. <jats:italic>mansoni<\/jats:italic> infection in the region calls for more frequent mass drug administration with praziquantel. We observed high levels of stunting which was not associated with schistosomiasis. There is a need for improved nutrition among the children in the area.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0010570","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,27]],"date-time":"2022-07-27T17:49:48Z","timestamp":1658944188000},"page":"e0010570","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pntd.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":22,"title":["High prevalence of Schistosoma mansoni infection and stunting among school age children in communities along the Albert-Nile, Northern Uganda: A cross sectional study"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5419-2760","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Julius","family":"Mulindwa","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joyce","family":"Namulondo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anna","family":"Kitibwa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9053-1988","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Jacent","family":"Nassuuna","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2741-2921","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Oscar Asanya","family":"Nyangiri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3911-8359","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Magambo Phillip","family":"Kimuda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alex","family":"Boobo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6133-0674","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Barbara","family":"Nerima","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fred","family":"Busingye","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8634-5285","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Rowel","family":"Candia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Annet","family":"Namukuta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ronald","family":"Ssenyonga","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Noah","family":"Ukumu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Paul","family":"Ajal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9748-1207","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Moses","family":"Adriko","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0656-200X","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Harry","family":"Noyes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Claudia J.","family":"de Dood","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0004-0526","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Paul L. A. M.","family":"Corstjens","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3773-0819","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Govert J.","family":"van Dam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alison M.","family":"Elliott","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0714-7032","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Enock","family":"Matovu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"name":"TrypanoGEN+ Research group","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"pntd.0010570.ref001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"411","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(06)70521-7","article-title":"Schistosomiasis and water resources development: systematic review, meta-analysis, and estimates of people at risk","author":"P Steinmann","year":"2006","journal-title":"Lancet Infectious Diseases. Elsevier"},{"key":"pntd.0010570.ref002","first-page":"1106","article-title":"Human schistosomiasis","author":"B Gryseels","year":"2006","journal-title":"Lancet. Elsevier B.V"},{"key":"pntd.0010570.ref003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2253","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(13)61949-2","article-title":"Human schistosomiasis HHS Public Access","volume":"383","author":"DG Colley","year":"2014","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"pntd.0010570.ref004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1016\/S0001-706X(03)00029-9","article-title":"Quantification of clinical morbidity associated with schistosome infection in sub-Saharan Africa","author":"MJ Van Der Werf","year":"2003","journal-title":"Acta Tropica. Elsevier"},{"key":"pntd.0010570.ref005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1260","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(17)32130-X","article-title":"Global, regional, and national disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs) for 333 diseases and injuries and healthy life expectancy (HALE) for 195 countries and territories, 1990\u20132016: A systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2016","volume":"390","author":"SI Hay","year":"2017","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"pntd.0010570.ref006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0007617","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0007617","article-title":"The prevalence of schistosomiasis in Uganda: A nationally representative population estimate to inform control programs and water and sanitation interventions","volume":"13","author":"NG Exum","year":"2019","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"key":"pntd.0010570.ref007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"412","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2018.06.009","article-title":"The epidemiology of schistosomiasis in Lango region Uganda 60 years after Schwetz 1951: Can schistosomiasis be eliminated through mass drug administration without other supportive control measures?","volume":"185","author":"M Adriko","year":"2018","journal-title":"Acta Trop"},{"key":"pntd.0010570.ref008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"991","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dib.2018.08.200","article-title":"Data on the pre-MDA and post MDA interventions for Schistosoma mansoni and Schistosoma haematobium in a co-endemic focus in Uganda: 1951\u20132011","volume":"20","author":"M Adriko","year":"2018","journal-title":"Data Br"},{"key":"pntd.0010570.ref009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"927","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.1999.60.927","article-title":"Evidence for a long-term effect of a single dose of praziquantel on Schistosoma mansoni-induced hepatosplenic lesions in northern Uganda","volume":"60","author":"K Frenzel","year":"1999","journal-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg"},{"key":"pntd.0010570.ref010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2268","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0002268","article-title":"A very high infection intensity of Schistosoma mansoni in a Ugandan Lake Victoria Fishing Community is required for association with highly prevalent organ related morbidity","volume":"7","author":"EM Tukahebwa","year":"2013","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"key":"pntd.0010570.ref011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1186\/s40249-016-0215-9","article-title":"Towards interruption of schistosomiasis transmission in sub-Saharan Africa: Developing an appropriate environmental surveillance framework to guide and to support \u201cend game\u201d interventions","volume":"6","author":"JR Stothard","year":"2017","journal-title":"Infect Dis Poverty"},{"key":"pntd.0010570.ref012","author":"JP Byagamy","year":"2019","journal-title":"Prevalence, infection intensity and associated risk factors of Intestinal Schistosomiasis among primary school Children in Lira District, Northern Uganda"},{"key":"pntd.0010570.ref013","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"372","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-3156.2003.01176.x","article-title":"Epidemiology and geography of Schistosomo mansoni in Uganda: Implications for planning control","volume":"9","author":"NB Kabatereine","year":"2004","journal-title":"Trop Med Int Heal"},{"key":"pntd.0010570.ref014","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1039","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trstmh.2005.12.013","article-title":"Morbidity due to Schistosoma mansoni: an epidemiological assessment of distended abdomen syndrome in Ugandan school children with observations before and 1-year after anthelminthic chemotherapy","volume":"100","author":"J Balen","year":"2006","journal-title":"Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg"},{"key":"pntd.0010570.ref015","article-title":"The roles of water, sanitation and hygiene in reducing schistosomiasis: A review","author":"JE Grimes","year":"2015","journal-title":"Parasites and Vectors. BioMed Central Ltd"},{"key":"pntd.0010570.ref016","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e897","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0000897","article-title":"Observed Reductions in Schistosoma mansoni Transmission from Large-Scale Administration of Praziquantel in Uganda: A Mathematical Modelling Study","volume":"4","author":"MD French","year":"2010","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"key":"pntd.0010570.ref017","unstructured":"WHO WHO. Schistosomiasis: progress report 2001\u20132011, strategic plan 2012\u20132020. World Health Organization; 2013."},{"key":"pntd.0010570.ref018","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1810","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.17-0368","article-title":"Defining persistent hotspots: Areas that fail to decrease meaningfully in prevalence after multiple years of mass drug administration with praziquantel for control of schistosomiasis","volume":"97","author":"N Kittur","year":"2017","journal-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg"},{"key":"pntd.0010570.ref019","first-page":"397","article-title":"A simple device for quantitative stool thick-smear technique in Schistosomiasis mansoni","volume":"14","author":"N Katz","year":"1972","journal-title":"Rev Inst Med Trop Sao Paulo"},{"key":"pntd.0010570.ref020","article-title":"Diagnosis and management of schistosomiasis","author":"DJ Gray","year":"2011","journal-title":"BMJ. BMJ"},{"key":"pntd.0010570.ref021","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-3156.2001.00687.x","article-title":"The unreliability of the Kato-Katz technique limits its usefulness for evaluating S. mansoni infections","volume":"6","author":"A Kongs","year":"2001","journal-title":"Trop Med Int Heal"},{"key":"pntd.0010570.ref022","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"205","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2004.06.011","article-title":"Variations in helminth faecal egg counts in Kato-Katz thick smears and their implications in assessing infection status with Schistosoma mansoni","volume":"92","author":"N Berhe","year":"2004","journal-title":"Acta Trop"},{"key":"pntd.0010570.ref023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0005953","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0005953","article-title":"Estimating sensitivity of the Kato-Katz technique for the diagnosis of Schistosoma mansoni and hookworm in relation to infection intensity","volume":"11","author":"O B\u00e4renbold","year":"2017","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"key":"pntd.0010570.ref024","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"225","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-0691.2009.03131.x","article-title":"Acute schistosomiasis, a diagnostic and therapeutic challenge","author":"S Jaur\u00e9guiberry","year":"2010","journal-title":"Clinical Microbiology and Infection. Blackwell Publishing Ltd"},{"key":"pntd.0010570.ref025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5458","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.42.12.5458-5461.2004","article-title":"Diagnosis of schistosomiasis by reagent strip test for detection of circulating cathodic antigen","volume":"42","author":"GJ Van Dam","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Clin Microbiol"},{"key":"pntd.0010570.ref026","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"625","DOI":"10.1179\/136485908X337490","article-title":"Application of a circulating-cathodic-antigen (CCA) strip test and real-time PCR, in comparison with microscopy, for the detection of Schistosoma haematobium in urine samples from Ghana","volume":"102","author":"BB Obeng","year":"2008","journal-title":"Ann Trop Med Parasitol"},{"key":"pntd.0010570.ref027","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1841","DOI":"10.1017\/S0031182014000626","article-title":"Tools for diagnosis, monitoring and screening of Schistosoma infections utilizing lateral-flow based assays and upconverting phosphor labels","volume":"141","author":"PLAM Corstjens","year":"2014","journal-title":"Parasitology"},{"key":"pntd.0010570.ref028","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2019.00682","article-title":"Performance of an Ultra-Sensitive Assay Targeting the Circulating Anodic Antigen (CAA) for Detection of Schistosoma mansoni Infection in a Low Endemic Area in Brazil","volume":"10","author":"MS Sousa","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"pntd.0010570.ref029","article-title":"Utilizing the ultrasensitive Schistosoma up-converting phosphor lateral flow circulating anodic antigen (UCP-LF CAA) assay for sample pooling-strategies","volume":"6","author":"PLAM Corstjens","year":"2017","journal-title":"Infect Dis Poverty"},{"key":"pntd.0010570.ref030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"50","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.19-0819","article-title":"Circulating anodic antigen (CAA): A highly sensitive diagnostic biomarker to detect active schistosoma infections\u2014improvement and use during SCORE","volume":"103","author":"PLAM Corstjens","year":"2020","journal-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg"},{"key":"pntd.0010570.ref031","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2109","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0002109","article-title":"Accuracy of urine circulating cathodic antigen test for the diagnosis of Schistosoma mansoni in preschool-aged children before and after treatment","volume":"7","author":"JT Coulibaly","year":"2013","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"key":"pntd.0010570.ref032","article-title":"Mapping of schistosomiasis and soil-transmitted helminthiasis in the regions of centre, East and West Cameroon","volume":"6","author":"LAT Tchuent\u00e9","year":"2012","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"key":"pntd.0010570.ref033","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0002008","article-title":"The Urine Circulating Cathodic Antigen (CCA) Dipstick: A Valid Substitute for Microscopy for Mapping and Point-Of-Care Diagnosis of Intestinal Schistosomiasis","volume":"7","author":"JC Sousa-Figueiredo","year":"2013","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"key":"pntd.0010570.ref034","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"50","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2014.04.001","article-title":"Evaluation of circulating cathodic antigen (CCA) urine-cassette assay as a survey tool for Schistosoma mansoni in different transmission settings within Bugiri District, Uganda","volume":"136","author":"M Adriko","year":"2014","journal-title":"Acta Trop"},{"key":"pntd.0010570.ref035","article-title":"Circulating antigen tests and urine reagent strips for diagnosis of active schistosomiasis in endemic areas","author":"EA Ochodo","year":"2015","journal-title":"Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. John Wiley and Sons Ltd"},{"key":"pntd.0010570.ref036","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-018-5414-9","article-title":"Comparing the performance of circulating cathodic antigen and Kato-Katz techniques in evaluating Schistosoma mansoni infection in areas with low prevalence in selected counties of Kenya: A cross-sectional study","volume":"18","author":"C Okoyo","year":"2018","journal-title":"BMC Public Health"},{"key":"pntd.0010570.ref037","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0006813","article-title":"Is POC-CCA a truly reliable test for schistosomiasis diagnosis in low endemic areas? The trace results controversy","volume":"12","author":"JM Peralta","year":"2018","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"key":"pntd.0010570.ref038","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.19-0788","article-title":"Evaluation, validation, and recognition of the point-of-care circulating cathodic antigen, urine-based assay for mapping schistosoma mansoni infections","volume":"103","author":"DG Colley","year":"2020","journal-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg"},{"key":"pntd.0010570.ref039","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"326","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-020-0759-x","article-title":"A controlled human Schistosoma mansoni infection model to advance novel drugs, vaccines and diagnostics","author":"MCC Langenberg","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nature Medicine. Nature Research"},{"key":"pntd.0010570.ref040","article-title":"Patterns of intestinal schistosomiasis among mothers and young children from Lake Albert, Uganda: Water contact and social networks inferred from wearable global positioning system dataloggers","volume":"7","author":"EYW Seto","year":"2013","journal-title":"Geospat Health"},{"key":"pntd.0010570.ref041","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1016\/j.parint.2009.10.004","article-title":"Transmission studies of intestinal schistosomiasis in Lake Albert, Uganda and experimental compatibility of local Biomphalaria spp","volume":"59","author":"F Kazibwe","year":"2010","journal-title":"Parasitol Int"},{"key":"pntd.0010570.ref042","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1022","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.ejcn.1601926","article-title":"Childhood stunting in Northeast Brazil: The role of Schistosoma mansoni infection and inadequate dietary intake","volume":"58","author":"AMO Assis","year":"2004","journal-title":"Eur J Clin Nutr"},{"key":"pntd.0010570.ref043","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1247","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/68.6.1247","article-title":"Schistosoma mansoni infection and nutritional status in schoolchildren: a randomized, double-blind trial in northeastern Brazil","volume":"68","author":"AM Assis","year":"1998","journal-title":"Am J Clin Nutr"},{"key":"pntd.0010570.ref044","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1499","DOI":"10.3945\/ajcn.113.069955","article-title":"Helminth infections and micronutrients in school-age children: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"99","author":"B De Gier","year":"2014","journal-title":"Am J Clin Nutr"},{"key":"pntd.0010570.ref045","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-3156.2002.00843.x","article-title":"Heavy schistosomiasis associated with poor short-term memory and slower reaction times in Tanzanian schoolchildren: Partnership for child development","volume":"7","author":"MCH Jukes","year":"2002","journal-title":"Trop Med Int Heal"},{"key":"pntd.0010570.ref046","unstructured":"UBOS and ICF. Uganda Demographic and Health Survey 2016. Udhs. Kampala, Uganda: UBOS and ICF; 2018. p. 625. www.DHSprogram.com"},{"key":"pntd.0010570.ref047","author":"VA Welch","year":"2016","journal-title":"Mass deworming to improve developmental health and wellbeing of children in low-income and middle-income countries: a systematic review and network meta-analysis"},{"key":"pntd.0010570.ref048","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"852","DOI":"10.1016\/0035-9203(72)90119-8","article-title":"The epidemiology and consequences of Schistosoma mansoni infection in West Nile, Uganda II. Hospital investigation of a sample from the Panyagoro community","volume":"66","author":"VL Ongom","year":"1972","journal-title":"Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg"},{"key":"pntd.0010570.ref049","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"835","DOI":"10.1016\/0035-9203(72)90118-6","article-title":"The epidemiology and consequences of Schistosoma mansoni infection in West Nile, Uganda. I. Field studies of a community at Panyagoro","volume":"66","author":"VL Ongom","year":"1972","journal-title":"Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg"},{"key":"pntd.0010570.ref050","first-page":"162","article-title":"Schistosoma mansoni in Pachwach, Nebbi District, Uganda, 40 years after Nelson","volume":"43","author":"NB Kabatereine","year":"1992","journal-title":"Trop Med Parasitol"},{"key":"pntd.0010570.ref051","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"88","DOI":"10.1002\/bimj.19680100122","article-title":"Kish, L.: Survey Sampling. John Wiley & Sons, Inc., New York, London 1965, IX + 643 S., 31 Abb., 56 Tab., Preis 83 s","volume":"10","author":"H Wiegand","year":"1968","journal-title":"Biom Z"},{"key":"pntd.0010570.ref052","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105150","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2019.105150","article-title":"An innovative and user-friendly scoring system for standardised quantitative interpretation of the urine-based point-of-care strip test (POC-CCA) for the diagnosis of intestinal schistosomiasis: a proof-of-concept study","volume":"199","author":"M Casacuberta-Partal","year":"2019","journal-title":"Acta Trop"},{"key":"pntd.0010570.ref053","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"660","DOI":"10.2471\/BLT.07.043497","article-title":"Development of a WHO growth reference for school-aged children and adolescents","volume":"85","author":"M De Onis","year":"2007","journal-title":"Bull World Health Organ"},{"key":"pntd.0010570.ref054","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.00877-07","article-title":"Up-converting phosphor technology-based lateral flow assay for detection of Schistosoma circulating anodic antigen in serum","volume":"46","author":"PLAM Corstjens","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Clin Microbiol"},{"key":"pntd.0010570.ref055","unstructured":"Team RDC. R: A language and environment for statistical computing. 2008. http:\/\/www.r-project.org"},{"key":"pntd.0010570.ref056","unstructured":"Carstensen B, Plummer M, Laara E, Hills M. {Epi}: A Package for Statistical Analysis in Epidemiology. 2021. https:\/\/cran.r-project.org\/package=Epi"},{"key":"pntd.0010570.ref057","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105158","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envsoft.2021.105158","article-title":"PoolTestR: An R package for estimating prevalence and regression modelling for molecular xenomonitoring and other applications with pooled samples","volume":"145","author":"A McLure","year":"2021","journal-title":"Environ Model Softw"},{"key":"pntd.0010570.ref058","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.18637\/jss.v067.i01","article-title":"Fitting Linear Mixed-Effects Models Using {lme4}","volume":"67","author":"D Bates","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Stat Softw"},{"key":"pntd.0010570.ref059","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"605","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.15-0725","article-title":"Comparison of schistosoma mansoni prevalence and intensity of infection, as determined by the circulating cathodic antigen urine assay or by the kato-katz fecal assay: A systematic review","volume":"94","author":"N Kittur","year":"2016","journal-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg"},{"key":"pntd.0010570.ref060","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"253","DOI":"10.1007\/s00431-009-1041-x","article-title":"WHO child growth standards","author":"MK Das","year":"2010","journal-title":"European Journal of Pediatrics. Eur J Pediatr"},{"key":"pntd.0010570.ref061","first-page":"1707","article-title":"Uganda\u2019s struggle with schistosomiasis","author":"S. Loewenberg","year":"2014","journal-title":"The Lancet. Elsevier B.V"},{"key":"pntd.0010570.ref062","first-page":"99","article-title":"High prevalence and morbidity of Schistosoma mansoni along the Albert Nile in Uganda","volume":"2","author":"EI Odongo-Aginya","year":"2002","journal-title":"Afr Health Sci"},{"key":"pntd.0010570.ref063","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"711","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trstmh.2004.06.003","article-title":"Epidemiology and morbidity of Schistosoma mansoni infection in a fishing community along Lake Albert in Uganda","volume":"98","author":"NB Kabatereine","year":"2004","journal-title":"Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg"},{"key":"pntd.0010570.ref064","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"724","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-3156.2007.01842.x","article-title":"Microgeographical and tribal variations in water contact and Schistosoma mansoni exposure within a Ugandan fishing community","volume":"12","author":"AP De Moira","year":"2007","journal-title":"Trop Med Int Heal"},{"key":"pntd.0010570.ref065","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"303","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2013.02.014","article-title":"Compatibility of Ugandan Schistosoma mansoni isolates with Biomphalaria snail species from Lake Albert and Lake Victoria","volume":"128","author":"M Adriko","year":"2013","journal-title":"Acta Trop"},{"key":"pntd.0010570.ref066","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"646","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-016-1847-0","article-title":"Urogenital schistosomiasis transmission on Unguja Island, Zanzibar: Characterisation of persistent hot-spots","volume":"9","author":"T Pennance","year":"2016","journal-title":"Parasites and Vectors"},{"key":"pntd.0010570.ref067","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"274","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exppara.2013.06.017","article-title":"A robust dry reagent lateral flow assay for diagnosis of active schistosomiasis by detection of Schistosoma circulating anodic antigen","volume":"135","author":"GJ van Dam","year":"2013","journal-title":"Exp Parasitol"},{"key":"pntd.0010570.ref068","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0005953","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0005953","article-title":"Estimating sensitivity of the Kato-Katz technique for the diagnosis of Schistosoma mansoni and hookworm in relation to infection intensity","volume":"11","author":"O B\u00e4renbold","year":"2017","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"key":"pntd.0010570.ref069","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1227","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.14-0643","article-title":"Evaluation of point-of-contact circulating cathodic antigen assays for the detection of Schistosoma mansoni infection in low-, moderate-, and high-prevalence schools in western Kenya","volume":"92","author":"KT Foo","year":"2015","journal-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg"},{"key":"pntd.0010570.ref070","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0008473","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0008473","article-title":"Prevalence and risk factors of Schistosoma mansoni infection among children under two years of age in Mbita, Western Kenya","volume":"14","author":"M Sassa","year":"2020","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"key":"pntd.0010570.ref071","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1029","DOI":"10.1111\/tmi.12117","article-title":"Evaluation of urine-circulating cathodic antigen (Urine-CCA) cassette test for the detection of Schistosoma mansoni infection in areas of moderate prevalence in Ethiopia","volume":"18","author":"B Erko","year":"2013","journal-title":"Trop Med Int Heal"},{"key":"pntd.0010570.ref072","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1715","DOI":"10.1017\/S003118201800029X","article-title":"Surveillance of intestinal schistosomiasis during control: A comparison of four diagnostic tests across five Ugandan primary schools in the Lake Albert region","volume":"145","author":"H Al-Shehri","year":"2018","journal-title":"Parasitology"},{"key":"pntd.0010570.ref073","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"281","DOI":"10.1016\/j.parint.2008.04.005","article-title":"Routine Kato-Katz technique underestimates the prevalence of Schistosoma japonicum: A case study in an endemic area of the People\u2019s Republic of China","volume":"57","author":"DD Lin","year":"2008","journal-title":"Parasitol Int"},{"key":"pntd.0010570.ref074","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1186\/s12879-020-05034-2","article-title":"Detecting Schistosoma mansoni infections among pre-school-aged children in southern Ghana: A diagnostic comparison of urine-CCA, real-time PCR and Kato-Katz assays","volume":"20","author":"S Armoo","year":"2020","journal-title":"BMC Infect Dis"},{"key":"pntd.0010570.ref075","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"661","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pt.2016.06.004","article-title":"School Water, Sanitation, and Hygiene to Reduce the Transmission of Schistosomes and Soil-Transmitted Helminths","author":"JET Grimes","year":"2016","journal-title":"Trends in Parasitology. Elsevier Ltd"},{"key":"pntd.0010570.ref076","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1665","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciy761","article-title":"The Impact of Intensive Versus Standard Anthelminthic Treatment on Allergy-related Outcomes, Helminth Infection Intensity, and Helminth-related Morbidity in Lake Victoria Fishing Communities, Uganda: Results from the LaVIISWA Cluster-randomized Trial","volume":"68","author":"RE Sanya","year":"2019","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"pntd.0010570.ref077","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"136","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.ejcn.1600528","article-title":"Body mass index as indicator of standard of living in developing countries","volume":"52","author":"M Nube","year":"1998","journal-title":"Eur J Clin Nutr"},{"key":"pntd.0010570.ref078","first-page":"1","article-title":"Body mass index. A measure of chronic energy deficiency in adults","volume":"56","author":"PS Shetty","year":"1994","journal-title":"FAO Food Nutr Pap"},{"key":"pntd.0010570.ref079","first-page":"883","article-title":"The value of arm circumference measurements in assessing chronic energy deficiency in Third World adults","volume":"48","author":"WP James","year":"1994","journal-title":"Eur J Clin Nutr"},{"key":"pntd.0010570.ref080","first-page":"715","article-title":"Nutritional status, age and survival: the muscle mass hypothesis","volume":"43","author":"A Briend","year":"1989","journal-title":"Eur J Clin Nutr"},{"key":"pntd.0010570.ref081","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"266","DOI":"10.1016\/0035-9203(92)90305-V","article-title":"Nutritional status of children with schistosomiasis mansoni in two different areas of Machakos District, Kenya","volume":"86","author":"EL Corbett","year":"1992","journal-title":"Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg"},{"key":"pntd.0010570.ref082","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"150","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.1996.55.150","article-title":"Gender differences in growth of school-aged children with schistosomiasis and geohelminth infection","volume":"55","author":"IM Parraga","year":"1996","journal-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg"},{"key":"pntd.0010570.ref083","unstructured":"UBOS UB of S. Uganda Demographic and Health Survey 2016. 2017; 1\u2013625."}],"updated-by":[{"DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0010570","type":"new_version","label":"New version","source":"publisher","updated":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,8]],"date-time":"2022-08-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1659916800000}}],"container-title":["PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pntd.0010570","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,8]],"date-time":"2022-08-08T17:39:55Z","timestamp":1659980395000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pntd.0010570"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"JOANNE P.","family":"WEBSTER","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"editor"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,27]]},"references-count":83,"journal-issue":{"issue":"7","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,27]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pntd.0010570","relation":{"new_version":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0010570","asserted-by":"object"}]},"ISSN":["1935-2735"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1935-2735","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,27]]}}}