{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,2]],"date-time":"2026-10-02T07:25:59Z","timestamp":1790925959936,"version":"4.1.0"},"update-to":[{"DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0010585","type":"new_version","label":"New version","source":"publisher","updated":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,15]],"date-time":"2022-07-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1657843200000}}],"reference-count":77,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,5]],"date-time":"2022-07-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1656979200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100004440","name":"Wellcome Trust","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["207728"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["207728"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100004440","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000270","name":"Natural Environment Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["NE\/L002434\/1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NE\/L002434\/1"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000270","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000865","name":"Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["50816"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["50816"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000865","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100004440","name":"Wellcome Trust","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["104958\/Z\/14\/Z"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["104958\/Z\/14\/Z"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100004440","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosntds.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS Negl Trop Dis"],"abstract":"\n Background<\/jats:title>\n \n The Zanzibar Archipelago (Pemba and Unguja islands) is targeted for the elimination of human urogenital schistosomiasis caused by infection with\n Schistosoma haematobium<\/jats:italic>\n where the intermediate snail host is\n Bulinus globosus<\/jats:italic>\n . Following multiple studies, it has remained unclear if\n B<\/jats:italic>\n .\n nasutus<\/jats:italic>\n (a snail species that occupies geographically distinct regions on the Archipelago) is involved in\n S<\/jats:italic>\n .\n haematobium<\/jats:italic>\n transmission on Zanzibar. Additionally,\n S<\/jats:italic>\n .\n haematobium<\/jats:italic>\n was thought to be the only\n Schistosoma<\/jats:italic>\n species present on the Zanzibar Archipelago until the sympatric transmission of\n S<\/jats:italic>\n .\n bovis<\/jats:italic>\n , a parasite of ruminants, was recently identified. Here we re-assess the epidemiology of schistosomiasis on Pemba and Unguja together with the role and genetic diversity of the\n Bulinus<\/jats:italic>\n spp. involved in transmission.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Methodology\/Principal findings<\/jats:title>\n \n Malacological and parasitological surveys were conducted between 2016 and 2019. In total, 11,116\n Bulinus<\/jats:italic>\n spp. snails were collected from 65 of 112 freshwater bodies surveyed.\n Bulinus<\/jats:italic>\n species identification were determined using mitochondrial\n cox<\/jats:italic>\n 1 sequences for a representative subset of collected\n Bulinus<\/jats:italic>\n (n = 504) and together with archived museum specimens (n = 6), 433\n B<\/jats:italic>\n .\n globosus<\/jats:italic>\n and 77\n B<\/jats:italic>\n .\n nasutus<\/jats:italic>\n were identified. Phylogenetic analysis of\n cox<\/jats:italic>\n 1 haplotypes revealed three distinct populations of\n B<\/jats:italic>\n .\n globosus<\/jats:italic>\n , two with an overlapping distribution on Pemba and one on Unguja. For\n B<\/jats:italic>\n .\n nasutus<\/jats:italic>\n , only a single clade with matching haplotypes was observed across the islands and included reference sequences from Kenya.\n Schistosoma haematobium<\/jats:italic>\n cercariae (n = 158) were identified from 12 infected\n B<\/jats:italic>\n .\n globosus<\/jats:italic>\n and one\n B<\/jats:italic>\n .\n nasutus<\/jats:italic>\n collected between 2016 and 2019 in Pemba, and cercariae originating from 69\n Bulinus<\/jats:italic>\n spp. archived in museum collections.\n Schistosoma bovis<\/jats:italic>\n cercariae (n = 21) were identified from seven additional\n B<\/jats:italic>\n .\n globosus<\/jats:italic>\n collected between 2016 and 2019 in Pemba. By analysing a partial mitochondrial\n cox<\/jats:italic>\n 1 region and the nuclear ITS (1\u20135.8S-2) rDNA region of\n Schistosoma<\/jats:italic>\n cercariae, we identified 18\n S<\/jats:italic>\n .\n haematobium<\/jats:italic>\n and three\n S<\/jats:italic>\n .\n bovis<\/jats:italic>\n haplotypes representing populations associated with mainland Africa and the Indian Ocean Islands (Zanzibar, Madagascar, Mauritius and Mafia).\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Conclusions\/Significance<\/jats:title>\n \n The individual\n B<\/jats:italic>\n .\n nasutus<\/jats:italic>\n on Pemba infected with\n S<\/jats:italic>\n .\n haematobium<\/jats:italic>\n demonstrates that\n B<\/jats:italic>\n .\n nasutus<\/jats:italic>\n could also play a role in the local transmission of\n S<\/jats:italic>\n .\n haematobium<\/jats:italic>\n . We provide preliminary evidence that intraspecific variability of\n S<\/jats:italic>\n .\n haematobium<\/jats:italic>\n on Pemba may increase the transmission potential of\n S<\/jats:italic>\n .\n haematobium<\/jats:italic>\n locally due to the expanded intermediate host range, and that the presence of\n S<\/jats:italic>\n .\n bovis<\/jats:italic>\n complicates the environmental surveillance of schistosome infections.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0010585","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,5]],"date-time":"2022-07-05T14:20:53Z","timestamp":1657030853000},"page":"e0010585","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pntd.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":30,"title":["Transmission and diversity of Schistosoma haematobium and S. bovis and their freshwater intermediate snail hosts Bulinus globosus and B. nasutus in the Zanzibar Archipelago, United Republic of Tanzania"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4898-462X","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Tom","family":"Pennance","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shaali Makame","family":"Ame","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Amour Khamis","family":"Amour","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Khamis Rashid","family":"Suleiman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mtumweni Ali","family":"Muhsin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fatma","family":"Kabole","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Said Mohammed","family":"Ali","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"John","family":"Archer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fiona","family":"Allan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Aidan","family":"Emery","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Muriel","family":"Rabone","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stefanie","family":"Knopp","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David","family":"Rollinson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joanne","family":"Cable","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bonnie L.","family":"Webster","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"pntd.0010585.ref001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2253","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(13)61949-2","article-title":"Human schistosomiasis","volume":"383","author":"DG Colley","year":"2014","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"pntd.0010585.ref002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"285","DOI":"10.1016\/S0065-308X(08)60426-1","article-title":"Schistosomiasis in cattle","volume":"41","author":"J De Bont","year":"1998","journal-title":"Adv Parasitol"},{"key":"pntd.0010585.ref003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.19-0830","article-title":"SCORE Studies on the Impact of Drug Treatment on Morbidity due to Schistosoma mansoni and Schistosoma haematobium Infection","volume":"103","author":"CH King","year":"2020","journal-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg"},{"key":"pntd.0010585.ref004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.19-0829","article-title":"Impact of Different Mass Drug Administration Strategies for Gaining and Sustaining Control of Schistosoma mansoni and Schistosoma haematobium Infection in Africa","volume":"103","author":"CH King","year":"2020","journal-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg"},{"key":"pntd.0010585.ref005","article-title":"Snail-Related Contributions from the Schistosomiasis Consortium for Operational Research and Evaluation Program Including Xenomonitoring, Focal Mollusciciding, Biological Control, and Modeling","author":"F Allan","year":"2020","journal-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg"},{"key":"pntd.0010585.ref006","unstructured":"WHO. 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