{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,13]],"date-time":"2026-03-13T06:49:54Z","timestamp":1773384594417,"version":"3.50.1"},"update-to":[{"DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0010613","type":"new_version","label":"New version","source":"publisher","updated":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,29]],"date-time":"2023-03-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1680048000000}}],"reference-count":81,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,17]],"date-time":"2023-03-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1679011200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"FONACIT-Venezuela","award":["grant G-2005000827"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["grant G-2005000827"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000360","name":"Scottish Funding Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["Small Grants Fund SFC\/AN\/12\/2017"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Small Grants Fund SFC\/AN\/12\/2017"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000360","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosntds.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS Negl Trop Dis"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Chagas disease is a significant public health risk in rural and semi-rural areas of Venezuela. Triatomine infection by the aetiological agent <jats:italic>Trypanosoma cruzi<\/jats:italic> is also observed in the Metropolitan District of Caracas (MDC), where foodborne <jats:italic>T<\/jats:italic>. <jats:italic>cruzi<\/jats:italic> outbreaks occasionally occur but active vector-to-human transmission (infection during triatomine bloodmeal) is considered absent. Citizen science-based domiciliary triatomine collection carried out between 2007 and 2013 in the MDC has advanced understanding of urban <jats:italic>T<\/jats:italic>. <jats:italic>cruzi<\/jats:italic> prevalence patterns and represents an important public awareness-building tool. The present study reports on the extension of this triatomine collection program from 2014 to 2019 and uses mitochondrial metabarcoding to assess feeding behavior in a subset of specimens. The combined, thirteen-year dataset (n = 4872) shows a high rate of <jats:italic>T<\/jats:italic>. <jats:italic>cruzi<\/jats:italic> infection (75.2%) and a predominance of <jats:italic>Panstrongylus geniculatus<\/jats:italic> (99.01%) among triatomines collected in domiciliary areas by MDC inhabitants. Collection also involved nymphal stages of <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>. <jats:italic>geniculatus<\/jats:italic> in 18 of 32 MDC parishes. Other collected species included <jats:italic>Triatoma nigromaculata<\/jats:italic>, <jats:italic>Triatoma maculata<\/jats:italic>, <jats:italic>Rhodnius prolixus<\/jats:italic>, and <jats:italic>Panstrongylus rufotuberculatus<\/jats:italic>. Liquid intestinal content indicative of bloodmeal was observed in 53.4% of analyzed specimens. Dissection pools representing 108 such visually blooded <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>. <jats:italic>geniculatus<\/jats:italic> specimens predominantly tested positive for human cytochrome b DNA (22 of 24 pools). Additional bloodmeal sources detected via metabarcoding analysis included key sylvatic <jats:italic>T<\/jats:italic>. <jats:italic>cruzi<\/jats:italic> reservoirs (opossum and armadillo), rodents, and various other synanthropic and domesticated animals. Results suggest a porous sylvatic-domiciliary transmission interface and ongoing adaptation of <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>. <jats:italic>geniculatus<\/jats:italic> to the urban ecotope. Although <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>. <jats:italic>geniculatus<\/jats:italic> defecation traits greatly limit the possibility of active <jats:italic>T<\/jats:italic>. <jats:italic>cruzi<\/jats:italic> transmission for any individual biting event, the cumulation of this low risk across a vast metropolitan population warrants further investigation. Efforts to prevent triatomine contact with human food sources also clearly require greater attention to protect Venezuela\u2019s capital from Chagas disease.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0010613","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,17]],"date-time":"2023-03-17T17:39:14Z","timestamp":1679074754000},"page":"e0010613","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pntd.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Vector mapping and bloodmeal metabarcoding demonstrate risk of urban Chagas disease transmission in Caracas, Venezuela"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"17","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6015-8120","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Maikell","family":"Segovia","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Philipp","family":"Schwabl","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Salem","family":"Sueto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Candy Cherine","family":"Nakad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Juan Carlos","family":"Londo\u00f1o","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Marlenes","family":"Rodriguez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Manuel","family":"Paiva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Martin Stephen","family":"Llewellyn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7500-0927","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Hern\u00e1n Jos\u00e9","family":"Carrasco","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"pntd.0010613.ref001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1388","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(10)60061-X","article-title":"Chagas disease","volume":"375","author":"A Rassi","year":"2010","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"pntd.0010613.ref002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"265","DOI":"10.1016\/bs.apar.2017.12.002","article-title":"Evolution, systematics, and biogeography of the Triatominae, vectors of Chagas disease","volume":"99","author":"FA Monteiro","year":"2018","journal-title":"Adv Parasitol"},{"key":"pntd.0010613.ref003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-64548-9_2","volume-title":"Triatominae\u2014the biology of Chagas disease vectors","author":"C Galv\u00e3o","year":"2021"},{"key":"pntd.0010613.ref004","unstructured":"Hoare CA. 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