{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,21]],"date-time":"2025-02-21T14:35:15Z","timestamp":1740148515532,"version":"3.37.3"},"reference-count":49,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,13]],"date-time":"2022-09-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1663027200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100004423","name":"World Health Organization","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["SGS-18-7"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SGS-18-7"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100004423","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosntds.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS Negl Trop Dis"],"abstract":"<jats:sec id=\"sec001\"><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>Zoonotic cutaneous leishmaniasis (ZCL) is endemic in Palestine and transmitted by<jats:italic>Phlebotomus<\/jats:italic>sand flies. They inhabit dens of hyraxes, the reservoir animal. Control measures were implemented since 1996 but cases still occur. We estimated the effect of insecticide thermal fogging inside hyrax dens on sand fly density and leishmania infection.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec id=\"sec002\"><jats:title>Methodology\/Principal findings<\/jats:title><jats:p>During July-September 2019, we conducted a 12-week controlled interrupted time series study in two control and one intervention sites containing three hyrax dens each. We implemented Permethrin thermal fogging in the intervention site at week 6. We measured weekly and 36hrs post-intervention sand fly abundance inside dens using CDC light traps. We performed Next-Generation Sequencing to identify sand fly<jats:italic>Leishmania spp<\/jats:italic>. infection. We calculated the abundance reduction (AR) using Mulla\u2019s formula and negative binomial regression. Among 11427 collected sand flies, 7339 (64%) were females and 1786 (16%) were<jats:italic>Phlebotomus spp<\/jats:italic>. comprising ten species;<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>.<jats:italic>sergenti<\/jats:italic>was the dominant (n = 773, 43%). We report<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>.<jats:italic>arabicus<\/jats:italic>(n = 6) for the first time in Palestine. After fogging,<jats:italic>Phlebotomus spp<\/jats:italic>. AR was 93% at 36hrs, 18% and 38% at two and five weeks respectively and 41% during the complete post-intervention period. In the regression models,<jats:italic>Phlebotomus spp<\/jats:italic>. density in the intervention site decreased by 74% (IRR: 0.26, 95%CI: 0.11\u20130.57) at two weeks, 34% (IRR: 0.66, 95%CI: 0.48\u20130.90) at five weeks and 74% (IRR: 0.26, 95%CI: 0.12\u20130.59) during the complete period. The density of<jats:italic>Leishmania<\/jats:italic>infected sand flies decreased by 65% (IRR: 0.35, 95%CI: 0.26\u20130.48) at five weeks and 82% (IRR: 0.18, 95%CI: 0.07\u20130.42) for the complete period (zero infections until week two).<jats:italic>Leishmania<\/jats:italic>infection prevalence in the intervention site was 14% pre-intervention and 3.9% post-intervention.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec id=\"sec003\"><jats:title>Conclusions\/Significance<\/jats:title><jats:p>Fogging hyrax dens reduced sand fly abundance and leishmania infection during the 5-week post-intervention period and especially the first two weeks suggesting it could be an effective source-reduction measure for ZCL vectors. Future randomized controlled trials are needed to confirm the effectiveness of fogging hyrax dens on decreasing ZCL incidence.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0010628","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,13]],"date-time":"2022-09-13T17:23:25Z","timestamp":1663089805000},"page":"e0010628","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pntd.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Effectiveness of insecticide thermal fogging in hyrax dens in the control of leishmaniasis vectors in rural Palestine: A prospective study"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Samer","family":"Sawalha","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5929-8743","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Amer","family":"Al-Jawabreh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Dea","family":"Hjaija","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Suheir","family":"Ereqat","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Abdelmajeed","family":"Nasereddin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hanan","family":"Al-Jawabreh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Iro","family":"Evlampidou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"pntd.0010628.ref001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.meegid.2016.06.007","article-title":"Molecular epidemiology of human cutaneous leishmaniasis in Jericho and its vicinity in Palestine from 1994 to 2015","author":"A Al-Jawabreh","year":"2017","journal-title":"Infect Genet Evol"},{"key":"pntd.0010628.ref002","article-title":"Epidemiology of visceral leishmaniasis in the Jenin district, West Bank: 1989\u20131998","author":"ZA Abdeen","year":"2002","journal-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg"},{"key":"pntd.0010628.ref003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.1186\/1756-3305-5-183","article-title":"Serological and molecular survey of Leishmania parasites in apparently healthy dogs in the West Bank, Palestine","volume":"5","author":"O Hamarsheh","year":"2012","journal-title":"Parasites and Vectors"},{"key":"pntd.0010628.ref004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"279","DOI":"10.1016\/S0738-081X(99)00046-2","article-title":"The biology and control of Phlebotomine sand flies","author":"R. Killick-Kendrick","year":"1999","journal-title":"Clinics in Dermatology"},{"key":"pntd.0010628.ref005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1860","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1212.060497","article-title":"Distinct transmission cycles of Leishmania tropica in 2 adjacent foci, northern Israel","volume":"12","author":"M Svobodova","year":"2006","journal-title":"Emerg Infect Dis"},{"key":"pntd.0010628.ref006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"814","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.2010.09-0513","article-title":"Leishmania tropica in rock hyraxes (Procavia capensis) in a focus of human cutaneous leishmaniasis","volume":"82","author":"D Talmi-Frank","year":"2010","journal-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg"},{"key":"pntd.0010628.ref007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"319","DOI":"10.1093\/jmedent\/47.3.319","article-title":"Distribution and seasonality of phlebotomus sand flies in cutaneous leishmaniasis foci, Judean Desert, Israel","volume":"47","author":"L Orshan","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Med Entomol"},{"key":"pntd.0010628.ref008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1065","DOI":"10.1086\/378204","article-title":"Outbreak of Cutaneous Leishmaniasis in Northern Israel","volume":"188","author":"RL Jacobson","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"key":"pntd.0010628.ref009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-019-3562-0","article-title":"Effects of land use type, spatial patterns and host presence on Leishmania tropica vectors activity","volume":"12","author":"Y Waitz","year":"2019","journal-title":"Parasites and Vectors."},{"key":"pntd.0010628.ref010","first-page":"11790","volume":"115","author":"I Abbasi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Plant-feeding phlebotomine sand flies, vectors of leishmaniasis, prefer Cannabis sativa"},{"key":"pntd.0010628.ref011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0008748","article-title":"Specification of blood meals ingested by female sand flies caught in palestinian foci and identification of their concomitant leishmanial infections","volume":"14","author":"K Azmi","year":"2020","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"key":"pntd.0010628.ref012","unstructured":"Palestenian Ministry of Health. Health annual report-Palestine 2018. July 2019. Nablus-Palestine"},{"volume-title":"Vector control: methods for use by individuals and communities","year":"1997","author":"JA Rozendaal","key":"pntd.0010628.ref013"},{"key":"pntd.0010628.ref014","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2915.2003.00420.x","article-title":"Control of phlebotomine sand flies","volume":"17","author":"B Alexander","year":"2003","journal-title":"Med Vet Entomol"},{"key":"pntd.0010628.ref015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/1756-3305-6-354","article-title":"Field evaluation of alphacypermethrin in indoor residual spraying for leishmaniasis control in an endemic area, northern Morocco","volume":"6","author":"C Faraj","year":"2013","journal-title":"Parasites and Vectors"},{"key":"pntd.0010628.ref016","first-page":"1","article-title":"Outdoor residual insecticide spraying (Odrs), a new approach for the control of the exophilic vectors of human visceral leishmaniasis: Phlebotomus orientalis in East Africa.","volume":"14","author":"DEA Elnaiem","year":"2020","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"key":"pntd.0010628.ref017","first-page":"54","article-title":"Acta Tropica Ground ultra low volume (ULV) space spray applications for the control of wild sand fly populations (Psychodidae: Phlebotominae) in Europe.","volume":"182","author":"A Chaskopoulou","year":"2018"},{"key":"pntd.0010628.ref018","first-page":"393","article-title":"Field evaluation of outdoor Ultra-low Volume (ULV) applications against phlebotomine sand flies (Diptera: Psychodidae) in Al Rabta, North-West of Libya","volume":"11","author":"MR Dokhan","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Arthropod Borne Dis"},{"key":"pntd.0010628.ref019","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"512","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trstmh.2011.05.011","article-title":"Exclusion of phlebotomine sand flies from inhabited areas by means of vertical mesh barriers","volume":"105","author":"R Faiman","year":"2011","journal-title":"Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg"},{"key":"pntd.0010628.ref020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/1756-3305-6-164","article-title":"Leishmaniasis sand fly vector density reduction is less marked in destitute housing after insecticide thermal fogging","volume":"6","author":"LF Chaves","year":"2013","journal-title":"Parasites and Vectors."},{"key":"pntd.0010628.ref021","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"53289","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0053289","article-title":"Changes in Phlebotomine Sand Fly Species Composition Following Insecticide Thermal Fogging in a Rural Setting of Western Panam\u00e1","volume":"8","author":"JE Calzada","year":"2013","journal-title":"PLoS One."},{"key":"pntd.0010628.ref022","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"584","DOI":"10.1603\/ME10226","article-title":"Impact of phlebotomine sand flies on United State military operations at Tallil Air Base, Iraq: 6. Evaluation of insecticides for the control of sand flies","volume":"48","author":"RE Coleman","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Med Entomol"},{"key":"pntd.0010628.ref023","first-page":"56","volume-title":"MediPIET Annual Scientific Conference: Regional Contributions and Synergies for Global Health Security, Abstract Book","author":"S Sawalha","year":"2017"},{"key":"pntd.0010628.ref024","first-page":"124","volume-title":"MediPIET Annual Scientific conference: Protecting public health across borders, Abstract Book","author":"S Sawalha","year":"2016"},{"key":"pntd.0010628.ref025","first-page":"22","article-title":"Control of the leishmaniases","author":"World Health Organization","year":"2010","journal-title":"World Health Organ Tech Rep Ser."},{"key":"pntd.0010628.ref026","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"313","DOI":"10.4103\/1995-7645.233178","article-title":"Zoonotic leishmaniasis and control in Ethiopia","volume":"11","author":"W. Lemma","year":"2018","journal-title":"Asian Pac J Trop Med"},{"key":"pntd.0010628.ref027","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"120","DOI":"10.1111\/jvec.12246","article-title":"Diversity, ecology, and seasonality of sand flies (Diptera: Psychodidae) of the Jenin District (Palestinian Territories)","volume":"42","author":"SS Sawalha","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Vector Ecol."},{"key":"pntd.0010628.ref028","article-title":"Preliminary results of the population, housing and establishments census, 2017","author":"Palestininan Central Bureau of Statisitics (PCBS)","year":"2018","journal-title":"Palest Cent Bur Stat."},{"journal-title":"Tayasir village profile","year":"2006","author":"The Applied Research Institute","key":"pntd.0010628.ref029"},{"key":"pntd.0010628.ref030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"380","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pt.2015.04.015","article-title":"Evidence-based vector control? Improving the quality of vector control trials","volume":"31","author":"AL Wilson","year":"2015","journal-title":"Trends Parasitol"},{"key":"pntd.0010628.ref031","article-title":"Purposive Sampling","author":"L. Given","year":"2012","journal-title":"The SAGE Encyclopedia of Qualitative Research Methods"},{"key":"pntd.0010628.ref032","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"664","DOI":"10.1017\/S0007485315000127","article-title":"Sampling strategies for phlebotomine sand flies (Diptera: Psychodidae) in Europe","volume":"105","author":"B Alten","year":"2015","journal-title":"Bull Entomol Res"},{"key":"pntd.0010628.ref033","first-page":"45","volume-title":"Space spray application of insecticides for vector and public health pest control","author":"World Health Organization (WHO)","year":"2003"},{"key":"pntd.0010628.ref034","first-page":"121","article-title":"A taxonomic review of the genus Phlebotomus (Diptera: Psychodidae)","volume":"45","author":"DJ Lewis","year":"1982","journal-title":"Bull Br Museum (Natural Hist."},{"key":"pntd.0010628.ref035","first-page":"1","article-title":"The sand flies of Egypt (Diptera: Phlebotominae)","volume":"52","author":"RP Lane","year":"1986","journal-title":"Bull Br Museum (Natural Hist."},{"volume-title":"Diversity and Community Structure of Dragonflies and Damselflies (Insecta: Diversity and Community Structure of Dragonflies and Damselflies (Insecta: Odonata) in Aponmu Forest,","year":"2017","author":"BW Adu","key":"pntd.0010628.ref036"},{"key":"pntd.0010628.ref037","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"300","DOI":"10.1093\/jee\/64.1.300","article-title":"Control of Chironomid Midges in Recreational Lakes13","volume":"64","author":"MS Mulla","year":"1971","journal-title":"J Econ Entomol"},{"key":"pntd.0010628.ref038","article-title":"Phlebotomine Sand Flies (Diptera: Psychodidae) of the Palestinian West Bank: Potential Vectors of Leishmaniasis","author":"SS Sawalha","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Med Entomol"},{"key":"pntd.0010628.ref039","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"850","DOI":"10.1590\/S0074-02762010000700002","article-title":"Bionomics of phlebotomine sand flies (Diptera: Psychodidae) in the province of Al-Baha, Saudi Arabia","volume":"105","author":"SA Doha","year":"2010","journal-title":"Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz"},{"key":"pntd.0010628.ref040","first-page":"227","article-title":"Laboratory demonstration of the acquisition and development of leishmania major in the sand fly Phlebotomus kazeruni (Diptera: Psychodidae)","volume":"37","author":"HA Hanafi","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Egypt Soc Parasitol."},{"key":"pntd.0010628.ref041","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"317","DOI":"10.1093\/jme\/tjx210","article-title":"Phlebotomus halepensis (Diptera: Psychodidae) vectorial capacity in Afyon and Nigde Province, Turkey","volume":"55","author":"H Kavur","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Med Entomol"},{"key":"pntd.0010628.ref042","first-page":"1","article-title":"Could Phlebotomus mascittii play a role as a natural vector for Leishmania infantum? New data","author":"AG Obwaller","year":"2016","journal-title":"Parasit Vectors."},{"key":"pntd.0010628.ref043","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0006315","article-title":"Molecular identification of Leishmania infection in the most relevant sand fly species and in patient skin samples from a cutaneous leishmaniasis focus, in Morocco","volume":"12","author":"I Mhaidi","year":"2018","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"key":"pntd.0010628.ref044","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"86","DOI":"10.4103\/0972-9062.134785","article-title":"Phlebotomus sergenti a common vector of Leishmania tropica and toscana Virus in Morocco.","volume":"51","author":"N Es-Sette","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Vector Borne Dis"},{"issue":"5","key":"pntd.0010628.ref045","first-page":"1","article-title":"Detection of pyrethroid resistance mutations in the major leishmaniasis vector phlebotomus papatasi","volume":"55","author":"EA Fotakis","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Med Entomol"},{"key":"pntd.0010628.ref046","first-page":"6","article-title":"Breeding sites of Phlebotomus sergenti, the sand fly vector of cutaneous leishmaniasis in the Judean desert.","author":"A Moncaz","year":"2012","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"key":"pntd.0010628.ref047","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"418","DOI":"10.1111\/j.0269-283X.2004.00527.x","article-title":"Bionomics of phlebotomine sand flies in the Galilee focus of cutaneous leishmaniasis in northern Israel","volume":"18","author":"V Kravchenko","year":"2004","journal-title":"Med Vet Entomol"},{"key":"pntd.0010628.ref048","first-page":"15","volume-title":"How to Design Vector Control Efficacy Trials","author":"World Health Organization (WHO)","year":"2017"},{"key":"pntd.0010628.ref049","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1111\/mve.12256","article-title":"Studies on the behaviour and control of phlebotomine sand flies using experimental houses","volume":"32","author":"OD Kirstein","year":"2018","journal-title":"Med Vet Entomol"}],"container-title":["PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pntd.0010628","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,3]],"date-time":"2024-10-03T20:09:13Z","timestamp":1727986153000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pntd.0010628"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Daniella Castanheira","family":"Bartholomeu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"editor","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,13]]},"references-count":49,"journal-issue":{"issue":"9","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,13]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pntd.0010628","relation":{},"ISSN":["1935-2735"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"1935-2735"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,13]]}}}