{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,3]],"date-time":"2026-09-03T20:13:07Z","timestamp":1788466387002,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":43,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,10]],"date-time":"2022-10-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1665360000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Research Fund for the Technical Reserves, National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese CDC","award":["CB-1603"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CB-1603"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002855","name":"Ministry of Science and Technology of the People\u2019s Republic of China","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["Young excellent scientists program"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Young excellent scientists program"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002855","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"International Department of the Ministry of Science and Technology of China","award":["KY201904013"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["KY201904013"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosntds.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS Negl Trop Dis"],"abstract":"<jats:sec id=\"sec001\">\n<jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Schistosomiasis, also known as bilharzia, is the second important parasitic disease after malaria. The present study aimed to evaluate the molluscicidal effects of silver nanoparticles on <jats:italic>Biomphalaria alexandrina<\/jats:italic>, <jats:italic>B<\/jats:italic>. <jats:italic>glabrata<\/jats:italic>, <jats:italic>Oncomelania hupensis<\/jats:italic>, snail intermediate hosts of intestinal schistosomes (i.e. <jats:italic>Schistosoma mansoni<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>S<\/jats:italic>. <jats:italic>japonicum<\/jats:italic>), along with the changes their antioxidant enzymes.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"sec002\">\n<jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Silver (Ag) nano powder (Ag-NPs) was selected to test the molluscicidal effects on three species of freshwater snails. Exposure to Ag-NPs induced snail mortality and the LC<jats:sub>50<\/jats:sub> and LC<jats:sub>90<\/jats:sub> values of Ag-NPs for each snail species were calculated by probit analysis. Control snails were maintained under the same experimental conditions in dechlorinated water. Snail hemolymph was collected to measure the levels of antioxidant enzymes, such as total antioxidants capacity (TCA), glutathione (GSH), catalase (CAT) and nitric oxide (NO). In addition, the non-target organism, <jats:italic>Daphnia magna<\/jats:italic>, was exposed to a series of Ag-NPs concentration, similar to the group of experimental snails, in order to evaluate the LC<jats:sub>50<\/jats:sub> and LC<jats:sub>90<\/jats:sub> and compare these values to those obtained for the targeted snails.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"sec003\">\n<jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>The results indicated that Ag-NPs had a molluscicidal effect on tested snails with the variation in lethal concentration. The LC<jats:sub>50<\/jats:sub> values of Ag-NPs for <jats:italic>B<\/jats:italic>. <jats:italic>alexandrina<\/jats:italic> snails exposed for 24, 48, 72 hrs and 7 days were 7.91, 5.69, 3.83 and 1.91 parts per million (ppm), respectively. The LC<jats:sub>50<\/jats:sub> values for <jats:italic>B<\/jats:italic>. <jats:italic>glabrata<\/jats:italic> snails exposed for 24, 48, 72 hrs and 7 days were 16.55, 10.44, 6.91 and 4.13 ppm, respectively, while the LC<jats:sub>50<\/jats:sub> values for <jats:italic>O<\/jats:italic>. <jats:italic>hupensis<\/jats:italic> snails exposed for 24, 48, 72 hrs and 7 days were 46.5, 29.85, 24.49 and 9.62 ppm, respectively. Moreover, there is no mortality detected on <jats:italic>D<\/jats:italic>. <jats:italic>magna<\/jats:italic> when exposed to more than double and half concentration (50 ppm) of Ag-NPs during a continuous period of 3 hrs, whereas the LC<jats:sub>90<\/jats:sub> value for <jats:italic>B<\/jats:italic>. <jats:italic>alexandrina<\/jats:italic> snails was 18 ppm. The molluscicidal effect of the synthesized Ag-NPs seems to be linked to a potential reduction of the antioxidant activity in the snail\u2019s hemolymph.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"sec004\">\n<jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Synthesized Ag-NPs have a clear molluscicidal effect against various snail intermediate hosts of intestinal schistosome parasites and could potentially serve as next generation molluscicides.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0010667","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,10]],"date-time":"2022-10-10T17:52:15Z","timestamp":1665424335000},"page":"e0010667","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pntd.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":18,"title":["Molluscicidal and antioxidant activities of silver nanoparticles on the multi-species of snail intermediate hosts of schistosomiasis"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5026-0084","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Khaled M.","family":"Zayed","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yun-Hai","family":"Guo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shan","family":"Lv","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yi","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1417-8427","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Xiao-Nong","family":"Zhou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"pntd.0010667.ref001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1665","DOI":"10.1017\/S0031182009991272","article-title":"Control of schistosomiasis in sub-Saharan Africa: progress made, new opportunities and remaining challenges","volume":"136","author":"JR Stothard","year":"2009","journal-title":"Parasitology"},{"key":"pntd.0010667.ref002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3867","DOI":"10.1007\/s00436-018-6093-2","article-title":"The potential effects of silver and gold nanoparticles as molluscicides and cercaricides on Schistosoma mansoni","volume":"117","author":"MA Moustafa","year":"2018","journal-title":"Parasitol Res"},{"key":"pntd.0010667.ref003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.21608\/ejabf.2020.104140","article-title":"Semi-field and field trials to control Biomphalaria alexandrina and Bulinus truncatus, snail intermediate hosts of schistosomiasis in Egypt by the plant molluscicide Luowei\/TDS 4%","volume":"24","author":"A El-Emam","year":"2020","journal-title":"Egypt J Aquat Biol Fish"},{"key":"pntd.0010667.ref004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0005362","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0005362","article-title":"Schistosome infectivity in the snail, Biomphalaria glabrata, is partially dependent on the expression of Grctm6, a Guadeloupe Resistance Complex protein","volume":"11","author":"ER Allan","year":"2017","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"key":"pntd.0010667.ref005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"433","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bios.2004.08.052","article-title":"Using silver nanoparticle to enhance current response of biosensor","volume":"21","author":"X Ren","year":"2005","journal-title":"Biosens Bioelectron"},{"key":"pntd.0010667.ref006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2018.02.005","article-title":"Towards elimination of schistosomiasis after 5000 years of endemicity in Egypt","volume":"181","author":"IF Abou-El-Naga","year":"2018","journal-title":"Acta Trop"},{"key":"pntd.0010667.ref007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"425","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jare.2012.07.003","article-title":"Epidemiology of schistosomiasis in Egypt: travel through time","volume":"4","author":"RM Barakat","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Adv Res"},{"key":"pntd.0010667.ref008","first-page":"712","article-title":"The use of molluscicides in Egypt","volume":"25","author":"N. 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