{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,29]],"date-time":"2026-03-29T01:59:58Z","timestamp":1774749598999,"version":"3.50.1"},"update-to":[{"DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0010681","type":"new_version","label":"New version","source":"publisher","updated":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,25]],"date-time":"2022-08-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1661385600000}}],"reference-count":58,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,15]],"date-time":"2022-08-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1660521600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100004440","name":"Wellcome Trust","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["204797\/Z\/16\/Z"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["204797\/Z\/16\/Z"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100004440","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100004440","name":"Wellcome Trust","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["206194"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["206194"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100004440","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosntds.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS Negl Trop Dis"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Visceral leishmaniasis (VL) patients co-infected with HIV (VL\/HIV patients) experience frequent treatment failures, VL relapses, opportunistic infections, and higher mortality. Their immune system remains profoundly suppressed after clinical cure and they maintain higher parasite load. This is in contrast with patients with VL alone (VL patients). Since neutrophils play a critical role in the control of<jats:italic>Leishmania<\/jats:italic>replication and the regulation of immune responses, we tested the hypothesis that neutrophil activation status and effector functions are fully restored in VL, but not in VL\/HIV patients. Our results show the neutrophil counts and all activation markers and effector functions tested in our study were reduced at the time of diagnosis in VL and VL\/HIV patients as compared to controls. CD62L, CD63, arginase 1 expression levels and reactive oxygen species production were restored at the end of treatment in both groups. However, neutrophil counts, CD10 expression and phagocytosis remained significantly lower throughout follow-up in VL\/HIV patients; suggesting that dysregulated neutrophils contribute to the impaired host defence against pathogens in VL\/HIV patients.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0010681","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,15]],"date-time":"2022-08-15T17:40:16Z","timestamp":1660585216000},"page":"e0010681","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pntd.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Following successful anti-leishmanial treatment, neutrophil counts, CD10 expression and phagocytic capacity remain reduced in visceral leishmaniasis patients co-infected with HIV"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Yegnasew","family":"Takele","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Emebet","family":"Adem","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Tadele","family":"Mulaw","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ingrid","family":"M\u00fcller","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"James Anthony","family":"Cotton","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1670-8332","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Pascale","family":"Kropf","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,15]]},"reference":[{"issue":"95","key":"pntd.0010681.ref001","first-page":"165","article-title":"Global leishmaniasis surveillance, 2017\u20132018, and first report on 5 additional indicators","volume":"25","author":"JA Ruiz-Postigo","year":"2020","journal-title":"Weekly epidemiological record."},{"key":"pntd.0010681.ref002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"381","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-015-0987-y","article-title":"Eco-epidemiology of visceral leishmaniasis in Ethiopia","volume":"8","author":"E Gadisa","year":"2015","journal-title":"Parasit Vectors"},{"issue":"9","key":"pntd.0010681.ref003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e3131","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0003131","article-title":"Visceral leishmaniasis in Ethiopia: an evolving disease","volume":"8","author":"S Leta","year":"2014","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"issue":"2","key":"pntd.0010681.ref004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0007132","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0007132","article-title":"Long term outcomes and prognostics of visceral leishmaniasis in HIV infected patients with use of pentamidine as secondary prophylaxis based on CD4 level: a prospective cohort study in Ethiopia","volume":"13","author":"E Diro","year":"2019","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"key":"pntd.0010681.ref005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100583","DOI":"10.1016\/j.curtheres.2020.100583","article-title":"Multiple Relapses of Visceral Leishmaniasis in HIV Co-Infected Patients: A Case Series from Ethiopia","volume":"92","author":"R Mohammed","year":"2020","journal-title":"Curr Ther Res Clin Exp."},{"issue":"7","key":"pntd.0010681.ref006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"848","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-3156.2010.02550.x","article-title":"Clinical characteristics and treatment outcome of patients with visceral leishmaniasis and HIV co-infection in northwest Ethiopia","volume":"15","author":"Z Hurissa","year":"2010","journal-title":"Trop Med Int Health"},{"issue":"5","key":"pntd.0010681.ref007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2875","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0002875","article-title":"High parasitological failure rate of visceral leishmaniasis to sodium stibogluconate among HIV co-infected adults in Ethiopia","volume":"8","author":"E Diro","year":"2014","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"issue":"6","key":"pntd.0010681.ref008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1153","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0001153","article-title":"Predictors of visceral leishmaniasis relapse in HIV-infected patients: a systematic review","volume":"5","author":"GF Cota","year":"2011","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"issue":"5","key":"pntd.0010681.ref009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0006527","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0006527","article-title":"The initial effectiveness of liposomal amphotericin B (AmBisome) and miltefosine combination for treatment of visceral leishmaniasis in HIV co-infected patients in Ethiopia: A retrospective cohort study","volume":"12","author":"C Abongomera","year":"2018","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"key":"pntd.0010681.ref010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"94","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2018.00094","article-title":"Leishmania Antigenuria to Predict Initial Treatment Failure and Relapse in Visceral Leishmaniasis\/HIV Coinfected Patients: An Exploratory Study Nested Within a Clinical Trial in Ethiopia","volume":"8","author":"J van Griensven","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front Cell Infect Microbiol"},{"issue":"11","key":"pntd.0010681.ref011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1702","DOI":"10.1086\/587899","article-title":"Concordant HIV infection and visceral leishmaniasis in Ethiopia: the influence of antiretroviral treatment and other factors on outcome","volume":"46","author":"R ter Horst","year":"2008","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"issue":"10","key":"pntd.0010681.ref012","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1703","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/cix607","article-title":"The Risk and Predictors of Visceral Leishmaniasis Relapse in Human Immunodeficiency Virus-Coinfected Patients in Ethiopia: A Retrospective Cohort Study","volume":"65","author":"C Abongomera","year":"2017","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"issue":"1","key":"pntd.0010681.ref013","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100487","DOI":"10.1016\/j.xcrm.2021.100487","article-title":"Immunological factors, but not clinical features, predict visceral leishmaniasis relapse in patients co-infected with HIV","volume":"3","author":"Y Takele","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cell Rep Med"},{"issue":"4","key":"pntd.0010681.ref014","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"377","DOI":"10.1007\/s00281-013-0374-8","article-title":"Neutrophils in innate and adaptive immunity","volume":"35","author":"S Jaillon","year":"2013","journal-title":"Semin Immunopathol"},{"issue":"8","key":"pntd.0010681.ref015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"519","DOI":"10.1038\/nri3024","article-title":"Neutrophils in the activation and regulation of innate and adaptive immunity","volume":"11","author":"A Mantovani","year":"2011","journal-title":"Nat Rev Immunol"},{"issue":"20","key":"pntd.0010681.ref016","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2178","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2018-11-844530","article-title":"Neutrophils and NETs in modulating acute and chronic inflammation","volume":"133","author":"FVS Castanheira","year":"2019","journal-title":"Blood"},{"issue":"7","key":"pntd.0010681.ref017","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1377","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2021.06.006","article-title":"The Neutrophil","volume":"54","author":"GL Burn","year":"2021","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"issue":"5","key":"pntd.0010681.ref018","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"392","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pt.2016.02.003","article-title":"Different Leishmania Species Drive Distinct Neutrophil Functions","volume":"32","author":"BP Hurrell","year":"2016","journal-title":"Trends Parasitol"},{"issue":"4","key":"pntd.0010681.ref019","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1438","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.127.4.1438","article-title":"Phagocytosis and killing of the protozoan Leishmania donovani by human polymorphonuclear leukocytes","volume":"127","author":"RD Pearson","year":"1981","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"issue":"7","key":"pntd.0010681.ref020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4319","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.1000893","article-title":"Leishmania donovani promastigotes evade the antimicrobial activity of neutrophil extracellular traps","volume":"185","author":"C Gabriel","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"key":"pntd.0010681.ref021","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"632512","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2021.632512","article-title":"Enhanced Glycolysis Is Required for Antileishmanial Functions of Neutrophils Upon Infection With Leishmania donovani","volume":"12","author":"M Ohms","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front Immunol."},{"issue":"4","key":"pntd.0010681.ref022","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1163","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.1801053","article-title":"Leishmania donovani Induces Autophagy in Human Blood-Derived Neutrophils","volume":"202","author":"DM Pitale","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"issue":"45","key":"pntd.0010681.ref023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"34528","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M110.125302","article-title":"Selective fusion of azurophilic granules with Leishmania-containing phagosomes in human neutrophils","volume":"285","author":"F Mollinedo","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Biol Chem"},{"key":"pntd.0010681.ref024","first-page":"517","article-title":"Visceral leishmaniasis patients display altered composition and maturity of neutrophils as well as impaired neutrophil effector functions","volume":"7","author":"E. Yizengaw MG","year":"2016","journal-title":"Frontiers in Immunology"},{"key":"pntd.0010681.ref025","year":"2013","journal-title":"Guidelines for diagnosis, treatment and prevention of leishmaniasis in Ethiopia"},{"key":"pntd.0010681.ref026","year":"2017","journal-title":"NATIONAL GUIDELINES FOR COMPREHENSIVE HIV PREVENTION, CARE AND TREATMENT"},{"key":"pntd.0010681.ref027","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"374","DOI":"10.1086\/653736","article-title":"Increased arginase activity correlates with disease severity in HIV seropositive patients","volume":"202","author":"T Cloke","year":"2010","journal-title":"Journal of Infectious Diseases"},{"issue":"4","key":"pntd.0010681.ref028","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1105","DOI":"10.1182\/blood.V78.4.1105.1105","article-title":"Membrane surface antigen expression on neutrophils: a reappraisal of the use of surface markers for neutrophil activation","volume":"78","author":"TW Kuijpers","year":"1991","journal-title":"Blood"},{"issue":"2","key":"pntd.0010681.ref029","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"260","DOI":"10.1006\/bcmd.2002.0513","article-title":"Surface antigen changes during normal neutrophilic development: a critical review","volume":"28","author":"MT Elghetany","year":"2002","journal-title":"Blood Cells Mol Dis"},{"key":"pntd.0010681.ref030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1068","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2019.01068","article-title":"L-selectin: A Major Regulator of Leukocyte Adhesion, Migration and Signaling","volume":"10","author":"A Ivetic","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front Immunol."},{"issue":"3","key":"pntd.0010681.ref031","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"638","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1476-5381.2009.00291.x","article-title":"Arginase: an emerging key player in the mammalian immune system","volume":"158","author":"M. Munder","year":"2009","journal-title":"Br J Pharmacol"},{"issue":"7","key":"pntd.0010681.ref032","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1834","DOI":"10.1182\/blood.V78.7.1834.1834","article-title":"CD10 (CALLA)\/neutral endopeptidase 24.11 modulates inflammatory peptide-induced changes in neutrophil morphology, migration, and adhesion proteins and is itself regulated by neutrophil activation","volume":"78","author":"MA Shipp","year":"1991","journal-title":"Blood"},{"issue":"10","key":"pntd.0010681.ref033","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1343","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2016-04-713206","article-title":"Mature CD10(+) and immature CD10(-) neutrophils present in G-CSF-treated donors display opposite effects on T cells","volume":"129","author":"O Marini","year":"2017","journal-title":"Blood"},{"issue":"3","key":"pntd.0010681.ref034","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1003993","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1003993","article-title":"Immune suppression by neutrophils in HIV-1 infection: role of PD-L1\/PD-1 pathway","volume":"10","author":"NL Bowers","year":"2014","journal-title":"PLoS Pathog.PubMed Central PMCID"},{"issue":"4","key":"pntd.0010681.ref035","first-page":"405","article-title":"Neutropenia in human immunodeficiency virus infection: data from the women\u2019s interagency HIV study","volume":"166","author":"AM Levine","year":"2006","journal-title":"Arch Intern Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"pntd.0010681.ref036","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s11904-018-0370-7","article-title":"The Dual Role of Neutrophils in HIV Infection","volume":"15","author":"T Hensley-McBain","year":"2018","journal-title":"Curr HIV\/AIDS Rep"},{"issue":"6","key":"pntd.0010681.ref037","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"511","DOI":"10.3109\/08830185.2014.893301","article-title":"Neutropenia during HIV infection: adverse consequences and remedies","volume":"33","author":"X Shi","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int Rev Immunol"},{"key":"pntd.0010681.ref038","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"649348","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2021.649348","article-title":"The Impact of Neutrophil Recruitment to the Skin on the Pathology Induced by Leishmania Infection","volume":"12","author":"K Passelli","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front Immunol."},{"issue":"3","key":"pntd.0010681.ref039","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"78","DOI":"10.1007\/s12288-010-0027-1","article-title":"Hematologic changes in visceral leishmaniasis\/kala azar","volume":"26","author":"N Varma","year":"2010","journal-title":"Indian J Hematol Blood Transfus"},{"key":"pntd.0010681.ref040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2016.00153","article-title":"The Contribution of Immune Evasive Mechanisms to Parasite Persistence in Visceral Leishmaniasis","volume":"7","author":"EO de Freitas","year":"2016","journal-title":"Front Immunol."},{"issue":"4","key":"pntd.0010681.ref041","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1840","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.68.4.1840-1848.2000","article-title":"Enhanced hematopoietic activity accompanies parasite expansion in the spleen and bone marrow of mice infected with Leishmania donovani","volume":"68","author":"SE Cotterell","year":"2000","journal-title":"Infect Immun"},{"key":"pntd.0010681.ref042","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cellimm.2017.10.016","article-title":"Infection of hematopoietic stem cells by Leishmania infantum increases erythropoiesis and alters the phenotypic and functional profiles of progeny","volume":"326","author":"R Carvalho-Gontijo","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cell Immunol"},{"key":"pntd.0010681.ref043","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"60","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2020.00060","article-title":"Hematopoietic Stem\/Progenitor Cells and the Pathogenesis of HIV\/AIDS","volume":"10","author":"T. Tsukamoto","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front Cell Infect Microbiol"},{"issue":"10","key":"pntd.0010681.ref044","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"685","DOI":"10.1038\/nri3062","article-title":"Inflammatory modulation of HSCs: viewing the HSC as a foundation for the immune response","volume":"11","author":"KY King","year":"2011","journal-title":"Nat Rev Immunol"},{"key":"pntd.0010681.ref045","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2334-13-153","article-title":"Evaluation of PCR procedures for detecting and quantifying Leishmania donovani DNA in large numbers of dried human blood samples from a visceral leishmaniasis focus in Northern Ethiopia","volume":"13","author":"I Abbasi","year":"2013","journal-title":"BMC Infect Dis"},{"issue":"2","key":"pntd.0010681.ref046","first-page":"183","article-title":"Leukokinetic studies in Mediterranean kala azar","volume":"35","author":"SD Musumeci","year":"1978","journal-title":"Acta Trop"},{"issue":"9","key":"pntd.0010681.ref047","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4244","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.157.9.4244","article-title":"Enhanced HIV-1 activity in bone marrow can lead to myelopoietic suppression partially contributed by gag p24","volume":"157","author":"P Rameshwar","year":"1996","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"issue":"9","key":"pntd.0010681.ref048","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"378","DOI":"10.1016\/j.it.2007.07.004","article-title":"Interleukin-10 and the pathogenesis of human visceral leishmaniasis","volume":"28","author":"S Nylen","year":"2007","journal-title":"Trends Immunol"},{"key":"pntd.0010681.ref049","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"631821","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2021.631821","article-title":"Neutrophils: Many Ways to Die","volume":"12","author":"E Perez-Figueroa","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front Immunol."},{"issue":"2","key":"pntd.0010681.ref050","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"413","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/170.2.413","article-title":"Recombinant human granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor reverses neutropenia and reduces secondary infections in visceral leishmaniasis","volume":"170","author":"R Badaro","year":"1994","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"issue":"4","key":"pntd.0010681.ref051","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"ofy059","DOI":"10.1093\/ofid\/ofy059","article-title":"Tuberculosis in Visceral Leishmaniasis-Human Immunodeficiency Virus Coinfection: An Evidence Gap in Improving Patient Outcomes?","volume":"5","author":"J van Griensven","year":"2018","journal-title":"Open Forum Infect Dis."},{"issue":"2","key":"pntd.0010681.ref052","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0148084","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0148084","article-title":"The Role of Nitric Oxide and Reactive Oxygen Species in the Killing of Leishmania braziliensis by Monocytes from Patients with Cutaneous Leishmaniasis","volume":"11","author":"PP Carneiro","year":"2016","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"8","key":"pntd.0010681.ref053","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1288","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiu013","article-title":"Human classical monocytes control the intracellular stage of Leishmania braziliensis by reactive oxygen species","volume":"209","author":"FO Novais","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"issue":"14","key":"pntd.0010681.ref054","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1317","DOI":"10.1016\/j.micinf.2003.09.008","article-title":"Neutrophil granules and secretory vesicles in inflammation","volume":"5","author":"M Faurschou","year":"2003","journal-title":"Microbes Infect"},{"issue":"1","key":"pntd.0010681.ref055","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1007\/s00403-010-1093-9","article-title":"CD10-bearing fibroblasts may inhibit skin inflammation by down-modulating substance P","volume":"303","author":"L Xie","year":"2011","journal-title":"Arch Dermatol Res"},{"key":"pntd.0010681.ref056","first-page":"10","article-title":"Expansion of CD10(neg) neutrophils and CD14(+)HLA-DR(neg\/low) monocytes driving proinflammatory responses in patients with acute myocardial infarction","author":"D Fraccarollo","year":"2021","journal-title":"Elife"},{"issue":"4","key":"pntd.0010681.ref057","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"192","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM198707233170402","article-title":"The toxicity of azidothymidine (AZT) in the treatment of patients with AIDS and AIDS-related complex. A double-blind, placebo-controlled trial","volume":"317","author":"DD Richman","year":"1987","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"pntd.0010681.ref058","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"634386","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2021.634386","article-title":"Interactions of HIV and Antiretroviral Therapy With Neutrophils and Platelets","volume":"12","author":"M Madzime","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front Immunol."}],"updated-by":[{"DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0010681","type":"new_version","label":"New version","source":"publisher","updated":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,25]],"date-time":"2022-08-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1661385600000}}],"container-title":["PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pntd.0010681","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,14]],"date-time":"2023-02-14T22:55:26Z","timestamp":1676415326000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pntd.0010681"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Claudia Ida","family":"Brodskyn","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"editor","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,15]]},"references-count":58,"journal-issue":{"issue":"8","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,15]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pntd.0010681","relation":{"new_version":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0010681","asserted-by":"object"}]},"ISSN":["1935-2735"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1935-2735","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,15]]}}}