{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,9]],"date-time":"2026-05-09T05:49:10Z","timestamp":1778305750575,"version":"3.51.4"},"update-to":[{"DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0010684","type":"new_version","label":"New version","source":"publisher","updated":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,16]],"date-time":"2022-11-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1668556800000}}],"reference-count":79,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,4]],"date-time":"2022-11-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1667520000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000781","name":"European Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["671055"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["671055"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000781","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100022083","name":"VLIRUOS","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100022083","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Belgian Technical Cooperation","award":["RDC1015311\/PEE\/12\/2014"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RDC1015311\/PEE\/12\/2014"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000001","name":"National Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["DEB-1618919"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["DEB-1618919"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000001","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosntds.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS Negl Trop Dis"],"abstract":"<jats:sec id=\"sec001\">\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The objective of this study was to characterise the vector in a small hyper-endemic focus of onchocerciasis (the Kakoi-Koda focus) which has recently been discovered on the western slopes of the rift valley above Lake Albert.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"sec002\">\n                    <jats:title>Methodology\/Principal findings<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Aquatic stages of blackflies were collected by hand from streams and rivers, and anthropophilic adult females were collected by human landing catches. Using a combination of morphotaxonomy and DNA barcoding, the blackflies collected biting humans within the focus were identified as\n                      <jats:italic>Simulium dentulosum<\/jats:italic>\n                      and\n                      <jats:italic>Simulium vorax<\/jats:italic>\n                      , which were also found breeding in local streams and rivers.\n                      <jats:italic>Simulium damnosum<\/jats:italic>\n                      s.l.,\n                      <jats:italic>Simulium neavei<\/jats:italic>\n                      and\n                      <jats:italic>Simulium albivirgulatum<\/jats:italic>\n                      were not found (except for a single site in 2009 where crabs were carrying\n                      <jats:italic>S<\/jats:italic>\n                      .\n                      <jats:italic>neavei<\/jats:italic>\n                      ). Anthropophilic specimens from the focus were screened for\n                      <jats:italic>Onchocerca<\/jats:italic>\n                      DNA using discriminant qualitative real-time triplex PCR. One specimen of\n                      <jats:italic>S<\/jats:italic>\n                      .\n                      <jats:italic>vorax<\/jats:italic>\n                      was positive for\n                      <jats:italic>Onchocerca volvulus<\/jats:italic>\n                      in the body, and out of 155\n                      <jats:italic>S<\/jats:italic>\n                      .\n                      <jats:italic>dentulosum<\/jats:italic>\n                      , 30% and 11% were infected and infective (respectively).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"sec003\">\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions\/Significance<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      <jats:italic>Simulium dentulosum<\/jats:italic>\n                      currently appears to be the main vector of human onchocerciasis within the Kakoi-Koda focus, and\n                      <jats:italic>S<\/jats:italic>\n                      .\n                      <jats:italic>vorax<\/jats:italic>\n                      may be a secondary vector. It remains possible that\n                      <jats:italic>S<\/jats:italic>\n                      .\n                      <jats:italic>neavei<\/jats:italic>\n                      was the main (or only) vector in the past having now become rare as a result of the removal of tree-cover and land-use changes.\n                      <jats:italic>Simulium vorax<\/jats:italic>\n                      has previously been shown to support the development of\n                      <jats:italic>O<\/jats:italic>\n                      .\n                      <jats:italic>volvulus<\/jats:italic>\n                      in the laboratory, but this is the first time that\n                      <jats:italic>S<\/jats:italic>\n                      .\n                      <jats:italic>dentulosum<\/jats:italic>\n                      has been implicated as a probable vector of onchocerciasis, and this raises the possibility that other blackfly species which are not generally considered to be anthropophilic vectors might become vectors under suitable conditions. Because\n                      <jats:italic>S<\/jats:italic>\n                      .\n                      <jats:italic>dentulosum<\/jats:italic>\n                      is not a vector in endemic areas surrounding the Kakoi-Koda focus, it is probable that the Kakoi-Koda focus is significantly isolated.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0010684","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,4]],"date-time":"2022-11-04T13:35:51Z","timestamp":1667568951000},"page":"e0010684","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pntd.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Identification of the onchocerciasis vector in the Kakoi-Koda focus of the Democratic Republic of Congo"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Rory J.","family":"Post","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Anne","family":"Laudisoit","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Michel","family":"Mandro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Thomson","family":"Lakwo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Christine","family":"Laemmer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kenneth","family":"Pfarr","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Achim","family":"Hoerauf","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Pablo","family":"Tortosa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yann","family":"Gomard","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Tony","family":"Ukety","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Claude","family":"Mande","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lorne","family":"Farovitch","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Uche","family":"Amazigo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Didier","family":"Bakajika","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"David W.","family":"Oguttu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Naomi","family":"Awaca","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1919-1340","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Robert","family":"Colebunders","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,4]]},"reference":[{"issue":"3","key":"pntd.0010684.ref001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00158316","article-title":"Onchocerciasis in Za\u00efre.","volume":"14","author":"K. 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