{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,15]],"date-time":"2026-10-15T03:01:41Z","timestamp":1792033301923,"version":"4.4.0"},"update-to":[{"DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0010699","type":"new_version","label":"New version","source":"publisher","updated":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,8]],"date-time":"2022-09-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1662595200000}}],"reference-count":61,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,26]],"date-time":"2022-08-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1661472000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/publicdomain\/zero\/1.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000203","name":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000203","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100009964","name":"American Association of Zoo Veterinarians","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["UW award number MSN209345"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UW award number MSN209345"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100009964","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"University of Wisconsin Global Health Institute"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosntds.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS Negl Trop Dis"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Vampire bat transmitted rabies (VBR) is a continuing burden to public health and agricultural sectors in Latin America, despite decades-long efforts to control the disease by culling bat populations. Culling has been shown to disperse bats, leading to an increased spread of rabies. Thus, non-lethal strategies to control VBR, such as vaccination, are desired. Here, we evaluated the safety and efficacy of a viral-vectored recombinant mosaic glycoprotein rabies vaccine candidate (RCN-MoG) in vampire bats (<jats:italic>Desmodus rotundus<\/jats:italic>) of unknown history of rabies exposure captured in M\u00e9xico and transported to the United States. Vaccination with RCN-MoG was demonstrated to be safe, even in pregnant females, as no evidence of lesions or adverse effects were observed. We detected rabies neutralizing antibodies in 28% (8\/29) of seronegative bats post-vaccination. Survival proportions of adult bats after rabies virus (RABV) challenge ranged from 55\u2013100% and were not significantly different among treatments, pre- or post-vaccination serostatus, and route of vaccination, while eight pups (1\u20132.5 months of age) used as na\u00efve controls all succumbed to challenge (P&lt;0.0001). Importantly, we found that vaccination with RCN-MoG appeared to block viral shedding, even when infection proved lethal. Using real-time PCR, we did not detect RABV nucleic acid in the saliva samples of 9\/10 vaccinated bats that succumbed to rabies after challenge (one was inconclusive). In contrast, RABV nucleic acid was detected in saliva samples from 71% of unvaccinated bats (10\/14 sampled, plus one inconclusive) that died of the disease, including pups. Low seroconversion rates post-vaccination and high survival of non-vaccinated bats, perhaps due to earlier natural exposure, limited our conclusions regarding vaccine efficacy. However, our findings suggest a potential transmission-blocking effect of vaccination with RCN-MoG that could provide a promising strategy for controlling VBR in Latin America beyond longstanding culling programs.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0010699","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,26]],"date-time":"2022-08-26T17:57:55Z","timestamp":1661536675000},"page":"e0010699","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pntd.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":16,"title":["A recombinant rabies vaccine that prevents viral shedding in rabid common vampire bats (Desmodus rotundus)"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Elsa M.","family":"C\u00e1rdenas-Canales","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andres","family":"Velasco-Villa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"James A.","family":"Ellison","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Panayampalli S.","family":"Satheshkumar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jorge E.","family":"Osorio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3933-1563","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Tonie E.","family":"Rocke","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"pntd.0010699.ref001","volume-title":"The History of Rabies. 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Protocol for Postmortem Diagnosis of Rabies in Animals by Direct Fluorescent Antibody Testing, A Minimum Standard for Rabies Diagnosis in the United States. http:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/ncidod\/dvrd\/rabies\/Professional\/publications\/DFA_diagnosis\/DFA_protocol-b.htm. 2006."},{"issue":"5","key":"pntd.0010699.ref036","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0197074","article-title":"Multi-site evaluation of the LN34 pan-lyssavirus real-time RT-PCR assay for postmortem rabies diagnostics","volume":"13","author":"CM Gigante","year":"2018","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"issue":"1","key":"pntd.0010699.ref037","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0005258","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0005258","article-title":"A Pan-Lyssavirus Taqman Real-Time RT-PCR Assay for the Detection of Highly Variable Rabies virus and Other Lyssaviruses","volume":"11","author":"A Wadhwa","year":"2017","journal-title":"PloS Negl Trop Dis"},{"issue":"3","key":"pntd.0010699.ref038","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"243","DOI":"10.1128\/jcm.1.3.243-245.1975","article-title":"Sensitivity of BHK 21 cells supplemented with diethylaminoethyl dextran for detection of street rabies virus in saliva samples","volume":"1","author":"OP Larghi","year":"1975","journal-title":"J Clin Microbiol"},{"key":"pntd.0010699.ref039","article-title":"Serology, survival, and detection of rabies data from vaccination trials in the common vampire bat (Desmodus rotundus) using a recombinant raccoon poxvirus-vectored mosaic rabies vaccine candidate: U.S","author":"EM C\u00e1rdenas Canales","year":"2022","journal-title":"Geological Survey data release"},{"issue":"3","key":"pntd.0010699.ref040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"523","DOI":"10.1017\/S0950268804003656","article-title":"Experimental rabies infection in haematophagous bats Desmodus rotundus","volume":"133","author":"MF Almeida","year":"2005","journal-title":"Epidemiol Infect"},{"issue":"2","key":"pntd.0010699.ref041","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"254","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.1980.29.254","article-title":"Experimental rabies in the vampire","volume":"29","author":"J Moreno","year":"1980","journal-title":"Am J Trop Med"},{"key":"pntd.0010699.ref042","first-page":"179","author":"CA Hanlon","year":"2013"},{"issue":"11","key":"pntd.0010699.ref043","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2925","DOI":"10.1099\/vir.0.81181-0","article-title":"Recombinant poxviruses as mucosal vaccine vectors","volume":"86","author":"MM Gherardi","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Gen Virol"},{"issue":"39","key":"pntd.0010699.ref044","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5155","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2015.08.005","article-title":"Mucosal administration of raccoonpox virus expressing highly pathogenic avian H5N1 influenza neuraminidase is highly protective against H5N1 and seasonal influenza virus challenge","volume":"33","author":"B Kingstad-Bakke","year":"2015","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"issue":"April","key":"pntd.0010699.ref045","first-page":"1","article-title":"Comparative assessment of transmission-blocking vaccine candidates against plasmodium falciparum","volume":"5","author":"MC Kapulu","year":"2015","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"issue":"1","key":"pntd.0010699.ref046","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1593","DOI":"10.1080\/22221751.2019.1685912","article-title":"Blocking transmission of Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) in llamas by vaccination with a recombinant spike protein","volume":"8","author":"J Rodon","year":"2019","journal-title":"Emerg Microbes Infect"},{"key":"pntd.0010699.ref047","first-page":"231","author":"AC Banyard","year":"2020"},{"issue":"3","key":"pntd.0010699.ref048","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"612","DOI":"10.7589\/0090-3558-44.3.612","article-title":"Experimental rabies virus infection of big brown bats (Eptesicus fuscus)","volume":"44","author":"FR Jackson","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Wildl Dis"},{"key":"pntd.0010699.ref049","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2021.681423","article-title":"Serological surveillance of rabies in free-range and captive common vampire bats Desmodus rotundus","volume":"8","author":"J Megid","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front Vet Sci"},{"issue":"6","key":"pntd.0010699.ref050","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8194","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0008194","article-title":"Abortive vampire bat rabies infections in Peruvian peridomestic livestock","volume":"14","author":"JA Benavides","year":"2020","journal-title":"PloS Neg Trop Dis"},{"key":"pntd.0010699.ref051","volume-title":"Rabies","author":"Lafon M. 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Roberts","year":"2020","journal-title":"Current Biology"},{"issue":"2","key":"pntd.0010699.ref058","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"140","DOI":"10.1111\/tbed.12007","article-title":"Economic evaluation of vampire bat (Desmodus rotundus) rabies prevention in Mexico","volume":"61","author":"A Anderson","year":"2014","journal-title":"Transbound Emerg Dis"},{"key":"pntd.0010699.ref059","article-title":"Resolving the roles of immunity, pathogenesis, and immigration for rabies persistence in vampire bats","author":"JC Blackwood","year":"2013","journal-title":"PNAS"},{"issue":"1","key":"pntd.0010699.ref060","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"164","DOI":"10.1093\/jmammal\/gyz177","article-title":"Relations between topography, feeding sites, and foraging behavior of the vampire bat, Desmodus rotundus","volume":"101","author":"F Rocha","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Mammal"},{"issue":"1","key":"pntd.0010699.ref061","article-title":"Can farmers and bats co-exist? Farmer attitudes, knowledge, and experiences with bats in Belize","volume":"14","author":"HG Shapiro","year":"2020","journal-title":"Hum\u2013Wildl Interact"}],"updated-by":[{"DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0010699","type":"new_version","label":"New version","source":"publisher","updated":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,8]],"date-time":"2022-09-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1662595200000}}],"container-title":["PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pntd.0010699","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,8]],"date-time":"2022-09-08T17:40:09Z","timestamp":1662658809000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pntd.0010699"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"David Joseph","family":"Diemert","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"editor"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,26]]},"references-count":61,"journal-issue":{"issue":"8","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,26]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pntd.0010699","relation":{"new_version":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0010699","asserted-by":"object"}]},"ISSN":["1935-2735"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1935-2735","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,26]]}}}