{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,31]],"date-time":"2026-08-31T10:45:38Z","timestamp":1788173138199,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":44,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,9]],"date-time":"2022-09-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1662681600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National nature Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["81971486"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["81971486"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100007219","name":"Natural Science Foundation of Shanghai","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["19ZR1428500"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["19ZR1428500"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100007219","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"the Fifth Round of Three-Year Public Health Action Plan of Shanghai","award":["GWV-10.1-XK13"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["GWV-10.1-XK13"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosntds.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS Negl Trop Dis"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Infection with helminths can modulate the host immune response, which ultimately shape morbidity and mortality of the associated diseases. We studied key cytokines for essential immune response in sera from 229 southeastern China individuals infected with <jats:italic>Clonorchis sinensis<\/jats:italic> and 60 individuals without <jats:italic>C<\/jats:italic>. <jats:italic>sinensis<\/jats:italic> infection, and measured serum specific IgG and IgE against worms in these people. Individuals infected with <jats:italic>C<\/jats:italic>. <jats:italic>sinensis<\/jats:italic> had significantly higher antigen-specific IgG and IgE levels, which were positively correlated with egg counts in feces. However, less enhancement of IgE antibody was observed in females when compared to males with similar infection levels. <jats:italic>C<\/jats:italic>. <jats:italic>sinensis<\/jats:italic> infection caused diminished Th1 cytokines (IL-1\u03b2, IL-2, IL-12p70, IFN-\u03b3 and TNF-\u03b1), Th2 cytokine (IL-4), as well as Th17 cytokine (IL-17A) in sera, which showed decreasing trend by infection intensity. Notably, these phenotypes were more significant in females than those in males. Although <jats:italic>C<\/jats:italic>. <jats:italic>sinensis<\/jats:italic> infection is associated with the development of hepatobiliary diseases, there was no significant correlation between the dampened cytokine profiles and the hepatobiliary morbidities. Our study indicates <jats:italic>C<\/jats:italic>. <jats:italic>sinensis<\/jats:italic> infection is strongly related to the immune suppression in human. Sex differences shape the immune milieus of clonorchiasis. This study provides a better understanding of how worms affect immune responses and cause a long-term immune alternation in humans with <jats:italic>C<\/jats:italic>. <jats:italic>sinensis<\/jats:italic> infection.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0010726","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,9]],"date-time":"2022-09-09T17:54:35Z","timestamp":1662746075000},"page":"e0010726","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pntd.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Clonorchis sinensis infection modulates key cytokines for essential immune response impacted by 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