{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,13]],"date-time":"2026-10-13T01:10:45Z","timestamp":1791853845619,"version":"4.3.4"},"update-to":[{"DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0010740","type":"new_version","label":"New version","source":"publisher","updated":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,16]],"date-time":"2022-09-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1663286400000}}],"reference-count":78,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,6]],"date-time":"2022-09-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1662422400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100022083","name":"VLIRUOS","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100022083","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Belgian Directorate General of Development Cooperation"},{"name":"French Government's Investissement d'Avenir program","award":["ANR-10-LABX-62-IBEID"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ANR-10-LABX-62-IBEID"]}]},{"name":"Marc Vervenne Fund"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosntds.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS Negl Trop Dis"],"abstract":"<jats:sec id=\"sec001\">\n<jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Invasive non-typhoidal <jats:italic>Salmonella<\/jats:italic> (iNTS\u2013mainly serotypes Enteritidis and Typhimurium) are major causes of bloodstream infections in children in sub-Saharan Africa, but their reservoir remains unknown. We assessed iNTS carriage in rats in an urban setting endemic for iNTS carriage and compared genetic profiles of iNTS from rats with those isolated from humans.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"sec002\">\n<jats:title>Methodology\/Principal findings<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>From April 2016 to December 2018, rats were trapped in five marketplaces and a slaughterhouse in Kisangani, Democratic Republic of the Congo. After euthanasia, blood, liver, spleen, and rectal content were cultured for <jats:italic>Salmonella<\/jats:italic>. Genetic relatedness between iNTS from rats and humans\u2014obtained from blood cultures at Kisangani University Hospital\u2014was assessed with multilocus variable-number tandem repeat (VNTR) analysis (MLVA), multilocus sequence typing (MLST) and core-genome MLST (cgMLST). 1650 live-capture traps yielded 566 (34.3%) rats (95.6% <jats:italic>Rattus norvegicus<\/jats:italic>, 4.4% <jats:italic>Rattus rattus<\/jats:italic>); 46 (8.1%) of them carried <jats:italic>Salmonella<\/jats:italic>, of which 13 had more than one serotype. The most common serotypes were II.42:r:- (n = 18 rats), Kapemba (n = 12), Weltevreden and Typhimurium (n = 10, each), and Dublin (n = 8). <jats:italic>Salmonella<\/jats:italic> Typhimurium belonged to MLST ST19 (n = 7 rats) and the invasive ST313 (n = 3, isolated from deep organs but not from rectal content). Sixteen human <jats:italic>S<\/jats:italic>. Typhimurium isolates (all ST313) were available for comparison: MLVA and cgMLST revealed two distinct rat-human clusters involving both six human isolates, respectively, <jats:italic>i<\/jats:italic>.<jats:italic>e<\/jats:italic>. in total 12\/16 human ST313 isolates. All ST313 Typhimurium isolates from rats and humans clustered with the ST313 Lineage 2 isolates and most were multidrug resistant; the remaining isolates from rats including <jats:italic>S<\/jats:italic>. Typhimurium ST19 were pan-susceptible.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"sec003\">\n<jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>The present study provides evidence of urban rats as potential reservoirs of <jats:italic>S<\/jats:italic>. Typhimurium ST313 in an iNTS endemic area in sub-Saharan Africa.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0010740","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,6]],"date-time":"2022-09-06T17:49:11Z","timestamp":1662486551000},"page":"e0010740","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pntd.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["Urban rats as carriers of invasive Salmonella Typhimurium sequence type 313, Kisangani, Democratic Republic of 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