{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,22]],"date-time":"2026-10-22T15:55:04Z","timestamp":1792684504411,"version":"4.5.0"},"update-to":[{"DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0010754","type":"new_version","label":"New version","source":"publisher","updated":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,5]],"date-time":"2022-12-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1670198400000}}],"reference-count":73,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,21]],"date-time":"2022-11-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1668988800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosntds.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS Negl Trop Dis"],"abstract":"<jats:sec id=\"sec001\">\n<jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>A fatal case of Japanese encephalitis (JE) occurred in a resident of the Tiwi Islands, in the Northern Territory of Australia in February 2021, preceding the large JE outbreak in south-eastern Australia in 2022. This study reports the detection, whole genome sequencing and analysis of the virus responsible (designated JEV\/Australia\/NT_Tiwi Islands\/2021).<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"sec002\">\n<jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Reverse transcription quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR) testing was performed on post-mortem brain specimens using a range of JE virus (JEV)-specific assays. Virus isolation from brain specimens was attempted by inoculation of mosquito and mammalian cells or embryonated chicken eggs. Whole genome sequencing was undertaken using a combination of Illumina next generation sequencing methodologies, including a tiling amplicon approach. Phylogenetic and selection analyses were performed using alignments of the Tiwi Islands JEV genome and envelope (E) protein gene sequences and publicly available JEV sequences.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"sec003\">\n<jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Virus isolation was unsuccessful and JEV RNA was detected only by RT-qPCR assays capable of detecting all JEV genotypes. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that the Tiwi Islands strain is a divergent member of genotype IV (GIV) and is closely related to the 2022 Australian outbreak virus (99.8% nucleotide identity). The Australian strains share highest levels of nucleotide identity with Indonesian viruses from 2017 and 2019 (96.7\u201396.8%). The most recent common ancestor of this Australian-Indonesian clade was estimated to have emerged in 2007 (95% HPD range: 1998\u20132014). Positive selection was detected using two methods (MEME and FEL) at several sites in the E and non-structural protein genes, including a single site in the E protein (S194N) unique to the Australian GIV strains.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"sec004\">\n<jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>This case represents the first detection of GIV JEV acquired in Australia, and only the second confirmed fatal human infection with a GIV JEV strain. The close phylogenetic relationship between the Tiwi Islands strain and recent Indonesian viruses is indicative of the origin of this novel GIV lineage, which we estimate has circulated in the region for several years prior to the Tiwi Islands case.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0010754","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,21]],"date-time":"2022-11-21T18:51:44Z","timestamp":1669056704000},"page":"e0010754","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pntd.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":45,"title":["Molecular detection and characterisation of the first Japanese encephalitis virus belonging to genotype IV acquired in Australia"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Chisha","family":"Sikazwe","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Matthew J.","family":"Neave","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alice","family":"Michie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Patrick","family":"Mileto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jianning","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Natalie","family":"Cooper","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Avram","family":"Levy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Allison","family":"Imrie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Robert W.","family":"Baird","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bart J.","family":"Currie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David","family":"Speers","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"John S.","family":"Mackenzie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David W.","family":"Smith","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7169-149X","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"David T.","family":"Williams","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,21]]},"reference":[{"issue":"10","key":"pntd.0010754.ref001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"766","DOI":"10.2471\/BLT.10.085233","article-title":"Estimated global incidence of Japanese encephalitis: a systematic review","volume":"89","author":"GL Campbell","year":"2011","journal-title":"Bull World Health Organ"},{"key":"pntd.0010754.ref002","article-title":"Estimates of the global burden of Japanese encephalitis and the impact of vaccination from 2000\u20132015","volume":"9","author":"TM Quan","year":"2020","journal-title":"Elife"},{"issue":"4","key":"pntd.0010754.ref003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"405","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp.68.4.405","article-title":"Japanese encephalitis","volume":"68","author":"T Solomon","year":"2000","journal-title":"J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry"},{"key":"pntd.0010754.ref004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.epirev.a036087","article-title":"The epidemiology of Japanese encephalitis: Prospects for prevention.","volume":"14","author":"DW Vaughn","year":"1992","journal-title":"Epid Rev"},{"issue":"12 Suppl","key":"pntd.0010754.ref005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S98","DOI":"10.1038\/nm1144","article-title":"Emerging flaviviruses: the spread and resurgence of Japanese encephalitis, West Nile and dengue viruses","volume":"10","author":"JS Mackenzie","year":"2004","journal-title":"Nat Med"},{"key":"pntd.0010754.ref006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.ento.54.110807.090510","article-title":"Ecology and geographical expansion of Japanese encephalitis virus","volume":"54","author":"AF van den Hurk","year":"2009","journal-title":"Annu Rev Entomol"},{"issue":"1","key":"pntd.0010754.ref007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1089\/vbz.2018.2291","article-title":"Changing Geographic Distribution of Japanese Encephalitis Virus Genotypes, 1935\u20132017","volume":"19","author":"X Gao","year":"2019","journal-title":"Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis"},{"issue":"5","key":"pntd.0010754.ref008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3091","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.77.5.3091-3098.2003","article-title":"Origin and evolution of Japanese encephalitis virus in southeast Asia","volume":"77","author":"T Solomon","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Virol"},{"issue":"8","key":"pntd.0010754.ref009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4522","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.02686-13","article-title":"Dynamics of the emergence and establishment of a newly dominant genotype of Japanese encephalitis virus throughout Asia","volume":"88","author":"AJ Schuh","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Virol"},{"key":"pntd.0010754.ref010","first-page":"49","article-title":"Japanese encephalitis as an emerging virus: the emergence and spread of Japanese encephalitis virus in Australasia","volume":"267","author":"JS Mackenzie","year":"2002","journal-title":"Curr Top Microbiol Immunol"},{"key":"pntd.0010754.ref011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mackenzie JS, Williams DT, Smith DW. Japanese encephalitis virus: the geographic distribution, incidence and spread of a virus with a propensity to emerge in new areas. In: Tabor E, editor. Perspectives in Medical Virology: Emerging Viruses in Human Populations. 16. Amsterdam: Elsevier; 2007. p. 201\u201368.","DOI":"10.1016\/S0168-7069(06)16010-3"},{"issue":"5","key":"pntd.0010754.ref012","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"256","DOI":"10.5694\/j.1326-5377.1996.tb124960.x","article-title":"An outbreak of Japanese encephalitis in the Torres Strait, Australia, 1995","volume":"165","author":"JN Hanna","year":"1996","journal-title":"Med J Aust"},{"issue":"1","key":"pntd.0010754.ref013","article-title":"Japanese Encephalitis Virus in Australia: From Known Known to Known Unknown","volume":"4","author":"AF van den Hurk","year":"2019","journal-title":"Trop Med Infect Dis"},{"issue":"1","key":"pntd.0010754.ref014","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"80","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.1997.56.80","article-title":"Isolation of Japanese encephalitis virus from Culex annulirostris in Australia","volume":"56","author":"SA Ritchie","year":"1997","journal-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg"},{"issue":"11","key":"pntd.0010754.ref015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"533","DOI":"10.5694\/j.1326-5377.1999.tb127878.x","article-title":"Japanese encephalitis in north Queensland, Australia, 1998","volume":"170","author":"JN Hanna","year":"1999","journal-title":"Med J Aust"},{"issue":"Pt 10","key":"pntd.0010754.ref016","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2471","DOI":"10.1099\/0022-1317-81-10-2471","article-title":"Molecular characterization of the first Australian isolate of Japanese encephalitis virus, the FU strain","volume":"81","author":"DT Williams","year":"2000","journal-title":"J Gen Virol"},{"issue":"5","key":"pntd.0010754.ref017","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"631","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.2000.62.631","article-title":"Isolation of Japanese encephalitis virus from mosquitoes (Diptera: Culicidae) collected in the Western Province of Papua New Guinea, 1997\u20131998","volume":"62","author":"CA Johansen","year":"2000","journal-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg"},{"key":"pntd.0010754.ref018","first-page":"131","article-title":"The search for Japanese encephalitis virus in the western province of Papua New Guinea, 1996","volume":"7","author":"C Johansen","year":"1997","journal-title":"Arbovirus Research in Australia"},{"issue":"5","key":"pntd.0010754.ref019","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"282","DOI":"10.5694\/j.1326-5377.2004.tb06274.x","article-title":"Japanese encephalitis acquired near Port Moresby: implications for residents and travellers to Papua New Guinea","volume":"181","author":"JP Hanson","year":"2004","journal-title":"Med J Aust"},{"issue":"2","key":"pntd.0010754.ref020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1179\/146532810X12703902243818","article-title":"The aetiology, clinical presentations and outcome of febrile encephalopathy in children in Papua New Guinea","volume":"30","author":"G Anga","year":"2010","journal-title":"Annals of tropical paediatrics"},{"issue":"3","key":"pntd.0010754.ref021","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"146","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1708-8305.1997.tb00803.x","article-title":"Japanese Encephalitis in Western Irian Jaya","volume":"4","author":"PE Spicer","year":"1997","journal-title":"J Travel Med"},{"issue":"5","key":"pntd.0010754.ref022","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"900","DOI":"10.3201\/eid0705.017524","article-title":"Wind-blown mosquitoes and introduction of Japanese encephalitis into Australia","volume":"7","author":"SA Ritchie","year":"2001","journal-title":"Emerg Infect Dis"},{"issue":"6","key":"pntd.0010754.ref023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"747","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.2001.65.747","article-title":"The appearance of a second genotype of Japanese encephalitis virus in the Australasian region","volume":"65","author":"AT Pyke","year":"2001","journal-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg"},{"issue":"4","key":"pntd.0010754.ref024","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"581","DOI":"10.1603\/0022-2585-38.4.581","article-title":"Entomological investigations of an outbreak of Japanese encephalitis virus in the Torres Strait, Australia, in 1998","volume":"38","author":"CA Johansen","year":"2001","journal-title":"J Med Entomol"},{"issue":"3\u20134","key":"pntd.0010754.ref025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.2001.64.125","article-title":"Flaviviruses isolated from mosquitoes collected during the first recorded outbreak of Japanese encephalitis virus on Cape York Peninsula, Australia","volume":"64","author":"AF Van Den Hurk","year":"2001","journal-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg"},{"issue":"7","key":"pntd.0010754.ref026","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"661","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMc2207004","article-title":"Japanese encephalitis outbreak, Australia; the sentinel case","volume":"387","author":"C Waller","year":"2022","journal-title":"New Eng J Med"},{"issue":"6","key":"pntd.0010754.ref027","article-title":"The Emergence of Japanese Encephalitis in Australia and the Implications for a Vaccination Strategy","volume":"7","author":"L Furuya-Kanamori","year":"2022","journal-title":"Trop Med Infect Dis"},{"key":"pntd.0010754.ref028","author":"Australian Government Department of Health and Aged Care","year":"2022","journal-title":"Health alerts: Japanese encephalitis virus"},{"key":"pntd.0010754.ref029","article-title":"Australian code for the care and use of animals for scientific purposes","author":"NHMRC","year":"2013","journal-title":"8th ed. Canberra"},{"issue":"3","key":"pntd.0010754.ref030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"862","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.01435-09","article-title":"Duplex real-time reverse transcriptase PCR assays for rapid detection and identification of pandemic (H1N1) 2009 and seasonal influenza A\/H1, A\/H3, and B viruses","volume":"48","author":"G Chidlow","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Clin Microbiol"},{"issue":"1","key":"pntd.0010754.ref031","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.1186\/s12985-021-01652-7","article-title":"A new Hendra virus genotype found in Australian flying foxes","volume":"18","author":"J Wang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Virol J"},{"issue":"2","key":"pntd.0010754.ref032","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jviromet.2004.01.007","article-title":"Detection of Australasian Flavivirus encephalitic viruses using rapid fluorogenic TaqMan RT-PCR assays","volume":"117","author":"AT Pyke","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Virol Methods"},{"issue":"3","key":"pntd.0010754.ref033","first-page":"208","article-title":"TaqMan Real-time RT-PCR Assay for Detecting and Differentiating Japanese Encephalitis Virus","volume":"31","author":"N Shao","year":"2018","journal-title":"Biomed Environ Sci"},{"key":"pntd.0010754.ref034","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"241","DOI":"10.1007\/978-90-481-9039-3_34","volume-title":"PCR for Clinical Microbiology: An Australian and International Perspective","author":"GB Harnett","year":"2010"},{"issue":"3","key":"pntd.0010754.ref035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0194412","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0194412","article-title":"Development of an improved RT-qPCR Assay for detection of Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) RNA including a systematic review and comprehensive comparison with published methods","volume":"13","author":"T Bharucha","year":"2018","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"15","key":"pntd.0010754.ref036","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2114","DOI":"10.1093\/bioinformatics\/btu170","article-title":"Trimmomatic: a flexible trimmer for Illumina sequence data","volume":"30","author":"AM Bolger","year":"2014","journal-title":"Bioinformatics (Oxford, England)"},{"issue":"8","key":"pntd.0010754.ref037","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1494","DOI":"10.1038\/nprot.2013.084","article-title":"De novo transcript sequence reconstruction from RNA-seq using the Trinity platform for reference generation and analysis","volume":"8","author":"BJ Haas","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nat Protoc"},{"issue":"1","key":"pntd.0010754.ref038","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1038\/nmeth.3176","article-title":"Fast and sensitive protein alignment using DIAMOND","volume":"12","author":"B Buchfink","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nature methods"},{"issue":"4","key":"pntd.0010754.ref039","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"357","DOI":"10.1038\/nmeth.1923","article-title":"Fast gapped-read alignment with Bowtie 2","volume":"9","author":"B Langmead","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nature methods"},{"issue":"3","key":"pntd.0010754.ref040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"693","DOI":"10.3201\/eid2803.211245","article-title":"Novel Hendra Virus Variant Detected by Sentinel Surveillance of Horses in Australia","volume":"28","author":"EJ Annand","year":"2022","journal-title":"Emerg Infect Dis"},{"issue":"4","key":"pntd.0010754.ref041","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"772","DOI":"10.1093\/molbev\/mst010","article-title":"MAFFT multiple sequence alignment software version 7: improvements in performance and usability","volume":"30","author":"K Katoh","year":"2013","journal-title":"Mol Biol Evol"},{"issue":"1","key":"pntd.0010754.ref042","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"268","DOI":"10.1093\/molbev\/msu300","article-title":"IQ-TREE: a fast and effective stochastic algorithm for estimating maximum-likelihood phylogenies","volume":"32","author":"LT Nguyen","year":"2015","journal-title":"Mol Biol Evol"},{"issue":"1","key":"pntd.0010754.ref043","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.1111\/2041-210X.12628","article-title":"ggtree: an r package for visualization and annotation of phylogenetic trees with their covariates and other associated data","volume":"8","author":"G Yu","year":"2017","journal-title":"Methods in Ecology and Evolution"},{"issue":"5","key":"pntd.0010754.ref044","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1208","DOI":"10.1093\/molbev\/msi105","article-title":"Not so different after all: a comparison of methods for detecting amino acid sites under selection","volume":"22","author":"SL Kosakovsky Pond","year":"2005","journal-title":"Mol Biol Evol"},{"issue":"5","key":"pntd.0010754.ref045","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1196","DOI":"10.1093\/molbev\/mst030","article-title":"FUBAR: a fast, unconstrained bayesian approximation for inferring selection","volume":"30","author":"B Murrell","year":"2013","journal-title":"Mol Biol Evol"},{"issue":"7","key":"pntd.0010754.ref046","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1002764","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pgen.1002764","article-title":"Detecting individual sites subject to episodic diversifying selection","volume":"8","author":"B Murrell","year":"2012","journal-title":"PLoS genetics"},{"key":"pntd.0010754.ref047","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100","DOI":"10.5694\/j.1326-5377.1952.tb74985.x","article-title":"Murray Valley encephalitis: isolation and characterisation of the aetiological agent","volume":"1","author":"EL French","year":"1952","journal-title":"Med J Aust"},{"key":"pntd.0010754.ref048","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"450","DOI":"10.5694\/j.1326-5377.1976.tb130325.x","article-title":"Isolation of Murray valley encephalitis virus from the brains of three patients with encephalitis","volume":"18","author":"NI Lehmann","year":"1976","journal-title":"Med J Aust"},{"issue":"3","key":"pntd.0010754.ref049","article-title":"A Case of Japanese Encephalitis with a Fatal Outcome in an Australian Who Traveled from Bali in 2019","volume":"5","author":"AT Pyke","year":"2020","journal-title":"Trop Med Infect Dis"},{"issue":"Pt 8","key":"pntd.0010754.ref050","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2175","DOI":"10.1099\/vir.0.81015-0","article-title":"Genetic variation in West Nile virus from naturally infected mosquitoes and birds suggests quasispecies structure and strong purifying selection","volume":"86","author":"G Jerzak","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Gen Virol"},{"issue":"7","key":"pntd.0010754.ref051","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"479","DOI":"10.1089\/vbz.2011.0870","article-title":"Genetic diversity of Japanese encephalitis virus isolates obtained from the indonesian archipelago between 1974 and 1987","volume":"13","author":"AJ Schuh","year":"2013","journal-title":"Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis"},{"issue":"2","key":"pntd.0010754.ref052","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"717","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ympev.2008.02.015","article-title":"Phylogenetic and evolutionary analyses of St. Louis encephalitis virus genomes","volume":"47","author":"GJ Baillie","year":"2008","journal-title":"Mol Phylogenet Evol"},{"issue":"4","key":"pntd.0010754.ref053","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2337","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.06072-11","article-title":"Crystal structure of the Japanese encephalitis virus envelope protein","volume":"86","author":"VC Luca","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Virol"},{"issue":"3","key":"pntd.0010754.ref054","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"813","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.20-1554","article-title":"Identification and Isolation of Japanese Encephalitis Virus Genotype IV from Culex vishnui Collected in Bali, Indonesia in 2019","volume":"105","author":"AN Faizah","year":"2021","journal-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg"},{"issue":"1","key":"pntd.0010754.ref055","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.3201\/eid2601.190235","article-title":"Distribution of Japanese Encephalitis Virus, Japan and Southeast Asia, 2016\u20132018","volume":"26","author":"R Kuwata","year":"2020","journal-title":"Emerg Infect Dis"},{"issue":"1","key":"pntd.0010754.ref056","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.2006.75.21","article-title":"Short report: the first isolation of Japanese encephalitis virus from mosquitoes collected from mainland Australia","volume":"75","author":"AF Van Den Hurk","year":"2006","journal-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg"},{"issue":"4","key":"pntd.0010754.ref057","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"333","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apjtm.2016.03.007","article-title":"Mechanism of Japanese encephalitis virus genotypes replacement based on human, porcine and mosquito-originated cell lines model","volume":"9","author":"LP Do","year":"2016","journal-title":"Asian Pac J Trop Med"},{"issue":"23","key":"pntd.0010754.ref058","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11467","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.01125-06","article-title":"Crystal structure of the West Nile virus envelope glycoprotein","volume":"80","author":"GE Nybakken","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Virol"},{"key":"pntd.0010754.ref059","first-page":"151","volume-title":"The arboviruses: epidemiology and ecology","author":"ID Marshall","year":"1988"},{"key":"pntd.0010754.ref060","unstructured":"HeronConservation. [13th July, 2022]. Available from: www.heronconservation.org."},{"issue":"6","key":"pntd.0010754.ref061","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"655","DOI":"10.1038\/icb.1983.62","article-title":"Primary viraemia responses of herons to experimental infection with Murray Valley encephalitis, Kunjin and Japanese encephalitis viruses","volume":"61","author":"DB Boyle","year":"1983","journal-title":"Australian Journal of Experimental Biology and Medical Science"},{"issue":"15","key":"pntd.0010754.ref062","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1483","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMc1701600","article-title":"Autochthonous Japanese Encephalitis with Yellow Fever Coinfection in Africa","volume":"376","author":"E Simon-Loriere","year":"2017","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"pntd.0010754.ref063","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1053","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/167.5.1053","article-title":"Outbreak of Japanese encephalitis on the island of Saipan, 1990","volume":"167","author":"WS Paul","year":"1993","journal-title":"J Inf Dis"},{"issue":"28","key":"pntd.0010754.ref064","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.2807\/ese.17.28.20221-en","article-title":"Japanese encephalitis virus RNA detected in Culex pipiens mosquitoes in Italy","volume":"17","author":"P Ravanini","year":"2012","journal-title":"Euro Surveill"},{"issue":"32","key":"pntd.0010754.ref065","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.2807\/ese.17.32.20241-en","article-title":"Does the Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) represent a threat for human health in Europe? Detection of JEV RNA sequences in birds collected in Italy","volume":"17","author":"A Platonov","year":"2012","journal-title":"Euro Surveill"},{"issue":"7","key":"pntd.0010754.ref066","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0008454","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0008454","article-title":"Japanese encephalitis virus infection in non-encephalitic acute febrile illness patients","volume":"14","author":"CN Ma\u2019roef","year":"2020","journal-title":"PLoS neglected tropical diseases"},{"key":"pntd.0010754.ref067","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"511","DOI":"10.1016\/S0035-9203(99)90353-X","article-title":"Antibodies to Japanese encephalitis virus in human sera collected from Irian Jaya. Follow up of a previously reported case of Japanese encephalitis in that region","volume":"93","author":"P Spicer","year":"1999","journal-title":"Trans Roy Soc Trop Med Hyg"},{"issue":"6","key":"pntd.0010754.ref068","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"797","DOI":"10.1603\/0022-2585-37.6.797","article-title":"Mosquito (Diptera: Culicidae) dispersal: implications for the epidemiology of Japanese and Murray Valley encephalitis viruses in Australia","volume":"37","author":"BH Kay","year":"2000","journal-title":"J Med Entomol"},{"key":"pntd.0010754.ref069","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1017\/S0022172400027108","article-title":"Weather, host and vector\u2014their interplay in the spread of insect-borne animal virus diseases","volume":"85","author":"RF Sellers","year":"1980","journal-title":"J Hyg"},{"issue":"4","key":"pntd.0010754.ref070","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"323","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2915.1993.tb00699.x","article-title":"Autumn southward \u2019return\u2019 migration of the mosquito Culex tritaeniorhynchus in China","volume":"7","author":"JG Ming","year":"1993","journal-title":"Med Vet Entomol"},{"issue":"1","key":"pntd.0010754.ref071","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"411","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-021-04911-2","article-title":"Detection of the Japanese encephalitis vector mosquito Culex tritaeniorhynchus in Australia using molecular diagnostics and morphology","volume":"14","author":"BD Lessard","year":"2021","journal-title":"Parasit Vectors"},{"issue":"9","key":"pntd.0010754.ref072","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1619","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0001619","article-title":"Evidence in Australia for a case of airport dengue","volume":"6","author":"P Whelan","year":"2012","journal-title":"PLoS neglected tropical diseases"},{"issue":"6","key":"pntd.0010754.ref073","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/v14061208","article-title":"The Emergence of Japanese Encephalitis Virus in Australia in 2022: Existing Knowledge of Mosquito Vectors","volume":"14","author":"AF van den Hurk","year":"2022","journal-title":"Viruses"}],"updated-by":[{"DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0010754","type":"new_version","label":"New version","source":"publisher","updated":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,5]],"date-time":"2022-12-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1670198400000}}],"container-title":["PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pntd.0010754","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,5]],"date-time":"2022-12-05T18:36:00Z","timestamp":1670265360000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pntd.0010754"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Geraldine Marie","family":"Foster","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"editor"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,21]]},"references-count":73,"journal-issue":{"issue":"11","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,21]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pntd.0010754","relation":{"new_version":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0010754","asserted-by":"object"}]},"ISSN":["1935-2735"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1935-2735","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,21]]}}}